水中钢板爆破水介质对装药量的影响

为分析水介质对水中钢板爆破装药量的影响,理论推导了钢板背衬水介质条件下,钢板爆破最小装药量与空气中钢板爆破最小装药量的倍数关系:最小倍数关系为3.76。数值计算了钢板背衬空气介质和背衬水介质情形下钢板爆破的最小装药量,其倍数关系在3.5左右,与理论结果相近,表明钢板背衬水介质或空气介质是决定装药量大小的关键因素。数值计算了装药在空气介质中及水介质中钢板爆破爆轰产物对钢板的冲量大小,结果接近,表明水介质对炸药爆轰产物的约束作用是影响水中钢板装药量的次要因素。     

复杂网络上集群行为与自旋模型

复杂系统中的集群行为(collective behavior)是复杂系统涌现性的重要表现之一, 它通过微观个体之间的相互作用, 在宏观上表现出一定的时空或功能有序结构．已有研究表明, 个体之间相互作用的网络结构对复杂系统的集群行为有重要影响．基于复杂网络上的自旋模型, 介绍了复杂网络上的集群行为的部分研究进展． 首先简要介绍了自旋模型的相变现象以及网络结构对相变行为的影响; 其次, 介绍了以自旋模型为基础应用到社会经济等领域中的工作, 包括舆论形成、羊群效应以及分隔现象(segregation)等, 尤其关注网络结构对集群行为的影响, 最后介绍了基于自旋模型的网络社团划分方法．对进一步的发展方向进行了初步的讨论．     

泡沫金属材料的孔径效应

在分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)和MTS810材料试验机上分别对泡沫纯铝材料和铝硅合金泡沫材料进行了动态与准静态压缩实验研究。实验结果表明:孔径的大小对泡沫铝的弹性变形包括弹性模量没有影响,但对泡沫铝的屈服强度和塑性硬化模量有影响,且这种影响主要取决于泡沫铝基体材料的韧脆特性,泡沫铝的相对密度也会影响这种孔径效应。     

Rut depth, soil compaction and rolling resistance when using bogie tracks

There are few studies of rolling resistance for bogie tracks on forestry machines. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of wheels and two types of bogie tracks on rut formation, cone index, and vehicle rolling resistance on some typical forest soils in Sweden. In an experiment, two types of tracks were put on a trailer with a bogie with hydraulic extension on the pulling bar giving the trailer repeatable travelling speed. Loads of 0 and 9.9 Mg were used on the trailer. The main results of this study are: Compared to rather wide and soft tires, tracks on the bogie reduced rut depth by up to 40% and cone index in the ruts by about 10%, although the tracks increased the mass on the trailer by 10–12%. The relative rolling resistance coefficient was not higher for tracks than for wheels. Further studies should be conducted to show the effect of track tension on rolling resistance and flotation and of the effects of tracks on heavy vehicles on subsoil compaction.     

Prediction of wake in a curved duct

Experimental data on the development of an aerofoil wake in a curved stream are compared with calculations based on the k-ε model of turbulence with standard constants and with the model constant C_μ dependent on the local curvature. The mean velocity profile is asymmetric, the half-width of the wake is more on the inner side of the curved duct than on the outer side, and the turbulent shear stress decreases rapidly on the outer side. The standard k-ε model is able to satisfactorily reproduce this behaviour. Making C_μ dependent on the local radius improves the agreement on the inner side but slightly worsens it on the outer side.     

Predicting the performances of rigid rover wheels on extraterrestrial surfaces based on test results obtained on earth

With a growing number of nations interested in planetary exploration, research and development of extraterrestrial rovers have been intensified. The usual practice is to test the performances of rovers on soil simulants on earth, prior to their deployment to extraterrestrial bodies. It is noted that in the tests the soil simulant is subject to the earth gravity, while the terrain on the extraterrestrial surface is subject to a different gravity. Therefore, it is uncertain whether the rover/rover wheel would exhibit the same performance on the extraterrestrial surface as that obtained from tests conducted on earth. This paper describes a practical methodology that can be employed to predict the performances of rover wheels on extraterrestrial surfaces, based on test results obtained on earth. As rigid wheels are used in many extraterrestrial rovers, this study focuses on examining the effects of gravity on the sinkage and compaction resistance of rigid rover wheels. Predictions obtained using the methodology are shown to correlate reasonably well with test data.     

液滴撞击超疏水壁面反弹及破碎行为研究

液滴撞击壁面时,壁面亲水性对液滴撞击壁面后的变化历程具有重要的影响。利用相界面追踪的复合Level Set-VOF方法对液滴撞击超疏水壁面的运动进行了研究。研究结果表明,撞击速度较小时,液滴撞壁后发生反弹;撞击速度较大时,液滴撞壁后会发生破碎现象;初始粒径的增大和表面张力的减小,有利于液滴撞壁后产生铺展破碎现象;撞击角度对撞壁后的液滴行为具有较大的影响。通过数值模拟,给出了一定条件下液滴垂直及倾斜撞击超疏水壁面反弹及破碎的临界条件。     

复杂动态网络传播动力学

病毒、谣言、舆论等在现实社会中各种复杂网络系统上的传播现象与人们现代社会经济生活息息相关,对复杂网络上各种传播现象的动力学行为研究是复杂网络理论的一个重要命题.从流行病学的角度, 针对复杂网络传播行为中存在的动态过程,从自适应躲避、响应时滞、离散采样、开放式系统增长等方面综述了复杂网络传播动力学研究的若干进展.      

Recent progresses in studies on wave-current loads on foundation structure with piles and slab

The foundation structure with piles and slab is widely used in offshore wind farm construction in shallow water. Experimental studies on the hydrodynamic loads acting on the piles and slab under irregular waves and currents are summarized with discussion on the effects of pile grouping on the wave forces and wave impact loads on the slab locating near the free surface. By applying the theoretical solution of the wave diffracted by the slab and using the Morison equation to evaluate the wave force on the piles, the effects of the slab on the wave forces acting on the piles are analyzed. Based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the volume of fluid (VOF) method, a numerical wave basin is developed to simulate the wave-structure interaction. The computed maximum wave force on the foundation structure with piles and slab agrees well with the measured data. The violent deformation, breaking, and run-up of the wave around the structure are presented and discussed. Further work on the turbulent flow structures and large deformation of the free surface due to interaction of the waves and foundation structures of offshore wind farms needs more efficient approaches for evaluating hydrodynamic loads under the effects of nonlinear waves and currents.     

外加电场对边界润滑条件下钢—钢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用球－盘式摩擦磨损试验机,考察了钢－钢（ＳＵＪ２／Ｓ４５Ｃ）摩擦副在不同润滑剂润滑下的摩擦磨损性能及外加电场对摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：施加电压,特别是改变电压极性可使摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能发生很大变化,而电场及其极性对摩擦磨损性能的影响效果取决于润滑剂及边界润滑膜的性质。     

梧州市花岗岩风化壳工程地质研究及垂直分带

花岗岩风化壳由表及里有不同的风化等级。认识风化程度的差异，给出各风化层的判别标准，这对于风化壳工程地质性状的研究，评价建筑场地的稳定性极为重要。本文在系统地搜集梧州市花岗岩风化壳的地质资料和已有的土工试验资料的基础上，进行薄片显微照像分析、颗粒分析。结合城市工程地质勘察工作特点，给出了梧州市花岗岩风化壳垂直分带的划分标准。     

华南花岗岩残积土红土化程度的地带性与香港该类土不发育的原因

从华南花岗岩残积土红土化程度的地域变化规律出发 ,通过香港与华南沿海各地花岗岩残积土的化学成分及红土化指标对比 ,作者发现香港花岗岩残积土无论厚度、类型 ,还是红土化程度都具有与所处气候环境不协调的特点。文章进一步讨论了香港花岗岩残积土不发育的原因和对工程性质的影响.     

多孔介质自发渗吸研究进展

自发渗吸是发生在多孔介质里的一种常见自然现象, 存在于众多工程应用和自然科学领域, 多孔介质 中自发渗吸的基本静力学和动力学问题已成为当前国际研究的热点课题之一. 本文综述了传统理论研究中的 Lucas{Washburn(LW) 模型, Terzaghi 模型, Handy 模型, Mattax 和Kyte 无因次时间标度模型, Aronofsky 归 一化采收率标度模型以及近十年最新研究进展, 分析了渗吸机理判别参数研究, 简述了数值模拟研究及渗吸率 影响机理的实验研究现状, 总结了基于分形理论研究多孔介质自发渗吸的最新进展, 并展望了多孔介质以及裂 缝性双重多孔介质中牛顿流体和非牛顿流体自发渗吸研究的方向和课题.      

Structural modeling of beams on elastic foundations with elasticity couplings

A new simplified structural model and its governing equations for beams on elastic foundations with elastic coupling are proposed. This modeling system is simple but appropriate for the initial structural design of large-scale submerged floating-beam structures moored by tension legs spaced at uniform interval along the beam. The model is actually for beam on discrete elastic supports rather than on continuous elastic foundations. Therefore, the governing equations are based on finite difference calculus and solutions for beams on discrete elastic supports with elasticity coupling are also proposed. To clarify the applicability limit of the proposed model, the equivalence between a beam on discrete elastic supports and that on continuous elastic foundation is investigated by comparisons of characteristic solutions.     

Dynamic load and inflation pressure effects on contact pressures of a forestry forwarder tire

A Trelleborg Twin 421 Mark II 600/55-26.5 steel-reinforced bias-ply forwarder drive tire at inflation pressures of 100 and 240 kPa and dynamic loads of 23.9 and 40 kN was used at 5% travel reduction on a firm clay soil. Effects of dynamic load and inflation pressure on soil–tire contact pressures were determined using six pressure transducers mounted on the tire tread. Three were mounted on the face of a lug and three at corresponding locations on the undertread. Contact angles increased with decreases in inflation pressure and increases in dynamic load. Contact pressures on a lug at the edge of the tire increased as dynamic load increased. Mean and peak pressures on the undertread generally were less than those on a lug. The peak pressures on a lug occurred forward of the axle in nearly all combinations of dynamic load, inflation pressure, and pressure sensor location, and peak pressures on the undertread occurred to the rear of the axle in most of the combinations. Ratios of the peak contact pressure to the inflation pressure ranged from 0 at the edge of the undertread for three combinations of dynamic load and inflation pressure to 8.39 for the pressure sensor on a lug, near the tire centerline, when the tire was underinflated. At constant dynamic load, net traction and tractive efficiency decreased as inflation pressure increased.     

Separation of a three-dimensional boundary layer

The line of separation of the three-dimensional boundary layer on an arbitrary curvilinear surface is a singular streamline on the body surface which separates the detachment region and which is a line of confluence for the limiting streamlines. Expressions are derived for the three-dimensional separation criteria on the basis of the condition of zero frictional force in the projection on the normal to the line of separation. The position of the line of separation is determined from the solution of an ordinary differential equation. An analysis is made of various cases of separation on the surface of a yawed cylinder and on the surface of sharp cones at an angle of attack in a supersonic stream. The position of the lines of separation is determined experimentally from the confluence of thin liquid films applied to the surface. It is shown that separation occurs on the sharp cone on the line z=π for values of the parameter K=?0.85.     

梯度润湿表面上液滴定向迁移及合并行为的格子Boltzmann模拟

采用改进的格子Boltzmann方法,对梯度润湿性表面上液滴的定向迁移及合并行为进行了数值模拟,该模型在精度和稳定性上都有很大改善,同时,研究了梯度润湿性表面上液滴定向迁移和合并的动力学特性,并对液滴尺寸及润湿梯度对液滴动力学特性的影响规律进行了分析。数值结果表明,液滴在梯度润湿性表面运动时会发生形变,且动态接触角逐渐减小。润湿梯度对液滴定向迁移行为有显著影响,润湿梯度越大,液滴左右侧接触线位移越大,润湿长度增加越快。但是液滴尺寸对接触线位移影响较小。润湿梯度对液桥宽度基本无影响,但对液滴初始合并时间有显著影响。     

Visualizing surface strain distribution of facial skin using stereovision

An experimental technique has been developed for measuring and visualizing strain distribution on facial skin. A stereovision technique based on digital image correlation is employed for obtaining the displacement distribution on the human face. Time-variation of the movement of the facial skin surface is obtained from consecutive images obtained using a pair of high-speed cameras. The strains on the facial skin surface are then obtained from the measured displacements. The performance of the developed system is demonstrated by applying it to the measurement of the strain on facial skin during the production of sound. Results show that the strains on facial skin can be visualized. Further discussion on the relationship between the creation of wrinkles and strains is possible with the help of the developed system.     

Nucleate pool boiling in microgravity: Recent progress and future prospects

Pool boiling on flat plates in microgravity has been studied for more than 50 years. The results of recent experiments performed in sounding rocket are presented and compared to previous results. At low heat flux, the vertical oscillatory motion of the primary bubble is responsible for the increase in the heat transfer coefficient in microgravity compared to ground experiments. The effect of a non-condensable gas on the stabilisation of the large primary bubble on the heater is pointed out. Experiments on isolated bubbles are also performed on ground and in parabolic flight. The effect of a shear flow on the bubble detachment is highlighted. A force balance model allows determining an expression of the capillary force and of the drag force acting on the bubble.     

Further study of the method of approach to testing the performance of extraterrestrial rovers/rover wheels on earth

The current practice for experimentally evaluating the performance of extraterrestrial rovers/rover wheels is to conduct tests on earth on a soil simulant, appropriate to the regolith on the extraterrestrial body of interest. In the tests, the normal load (force) applied by the rover/rover wheel to the soil simulant is set identical to that expected on the extraterrestrial surface, taking into account its acceleration due to gravity. It should be pointed out, however, that the soil simulant used in the tests is subject to earth gravity, while the regolith on the extraterrestrial surface is subject to a different gravity. Thus, it is uncertain whether the performance of the rover/rover wheel obtained from tests on earth represents that on the extraterrestrial surface. This issue has been explored previously. A method has been proposed for conducting tests of the rover/rover wheel on earth with identical mass to that on the extraterrestrial surface, instead of with identical normal load used in the current practice [1]. This paper provides further evidence to substantiate the merits of the proposed method, based on a detailed analysis of the test data obtained under various gravity conditions, produced in an aircraft undergoing parabolic flight manoeuvres [8]. In the study, the effect of slip on wheel sinkage has been evaluated. It is found that gravity has little effect on the slip and sinkage relationship of the rover wheel under self-propelled conditions.