正交M元码元移位键控扩频水声通信

M元和码元移位键控(CSK)扩频在水声通信中被广泛采用来克服扩频增益对通信速率的限制。为了获得更高的通信速率,文章基于Gold序列较大的码本数量、良好的自相关和互相关特性,提出正交双通道的M元和CSK相结合的水声通信方法。通过公式推导描述了正交M元CSK的调制和解调流程及影响其性能的因素。并且,通过与双通道M元CSK的仿真比较,得到正交M元CSK的误码率曲线。最后,通过实验验证了仿真的有效性。并实现了10 kbits数据量下1096.8 bps通信速率的无误码传输。通过推导、仿真和实验,可以得到这样的结论:正交M元CSK提供了优良的通信性能。      

正交码元移位键控扩频水声通信

码元移位键控(CSK)作为一种广义的M元扩频技术被广泛应用于水声通信领域来克服扩频增益对通信速率的限制.为了获得更高的通信速率, 减少通道间干扰, 并充分利用 CSK的冗余信息, 本文提出联合利用码元相位信息的正交双通道CSK扩频水声通信技术.首先, 推导了正交CSK每符号积分输出的表达式; 然后, 研究了正交CSK的性能及与传统CSK和双通道CSK对比仿真的误码率; 最后, 通过实验验证了仿真对比的正确性. 实现了正交CSK在10⁴ bits, 4 kHz带宽下580.6 bps通信速率的有效传输. 通过公式推导、 仿真分析和实验研究, 得到正交CSK提供了优良的性能的结论. 关键词： 水声通信 扩频 正交 CSK     

Experimental demonstration of underwater acoustic communication using bionic signals

This paper applies dolphin whistles to covert underwater acoustic (UWA) communication and proposes a UWA communication scheme based on M-ary bionic signal coding. At the transmitter end, the scheme maps multiple information bits into a dolphin whistle through a signal selector. At the receiver end, passive time reversal mirror (PTRM) is used for channel equalization and source information is restored according to the decision of which whistle is transmitted. The scheme has high spread spectrum gain. The anti multi-path performance is greatly improved when using PTRM. Different from traditional covert UWA communication methods, this mimicked signal is unlikely to alert an adversary even in high SNRs because of its real existence in marine environment. A tank experiment is conducted for the scheme, at communication rate of 50 bit/s with SNR −5 dB user information is recovered at a very low bit error rate. The results of tank experiment demonstrate the feasibility of this covert UWA communication scheme.     

基于单矢量差分能量检测器的扩频水声通信

通过获得扩频处理增益, 直接序列扩频水声通信系统具有较高的稳定性, 是高质量水声通信及远程水声通信的首选通信方式. 但复杂的海洋环境使得直扩系统在解扩时受到载波相位跳变的影响, 这将导致直扩系统的扩频处理增益下降. 为此, 本文针对直扩系统提出了差分能量检测器算法, 通过比较接收端相关器输出能量完成解码, 并与有源平均声强器算法相结合, 提出单矢量差分能量检测器算法. 该算法具有很好的抗载波相位跳变和多途扩展干扰的能力, 并可对信号方位信息实时跟踪估计, 利用估计方位进行矢量组合可获得矢量处理增益, 从而保证直扩系统可以在低信噪比、时变信道条件下稳定工作. 通过仿真分析和大连海试试验, 验证了本文提出的单矢量差分能量检测器算法的有效性和稳健性.     

正交多载波M元循环移位键控扩频水声通信

针对水声扩频通信中频带利用率低的问题, 提出了一种M元扩频技术和循环移位键控(CSK)技术相结合的多载波调制方式, 将M元扩频后选择的扩频码同时采用CSK调制, 并调制在多个正交的载波上, 显著提高了频带利用率. 在水声多途信道下, 采用相同的通信速率和带宽, m序列、Kasami小集合序列和Gold序列为扩频码时, 比较了系统的误码性能. 仿真结果和实验结果均表明, m序列为扩频码时性能最优, Gold序列性能最差. 由于m序列数量有限, 为了进一步提高通信速率, 并使其他序列的性能接近m序列性能, 提出了一种复合序列抑制载波间干扰的算法, 该算法能够很好抑制多途干扰, 使复合序列性能接近m序列的性能. 关键词： M元扩频')" href="#">M元扩频 循环移位键控 正交多载波 载波间干扰     

Chaotic direct sequence spread spectrum for secure underwater acoustic communication

Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) has been widely used in underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. In DSSS communications, spreading sequence’s period and chip rate are important characteristic parameters. However, these characteristic parameters may be detected in hostile environments due to the periodic nature of spreading sequence and their well-known construction process. In this paper, a novel chaotic direct sequence spread spectrum (CD3S) method is proposed for secure UWA communications. In the CD3S communications, chaotic sequences acting as encryption keys are used to encrypt the phases of transmitted signals. Consequently, the application of chaotic sequences disguises these obvious characteristic parameters of spread spectrum (SS) signals. It is difficult for unauthorized users to detect or intercept CD3S signal without knowledge of corresponding chaotic sequences. Hence, CD3S signal has a lower probability of detection and interception. Moreover, CD3S can achieve similar bit error ratio (BER) performance compared with DSSS in actual UWA communications. Also, the receivers that are suitable for DSSS communication can also be applied to CD3S communication. Numerical simulations demonstrate its excellent performance and potential applications in confidential UWA communications.     

水声通信低复杂度最大似然联合均衡译码方法

现有Turbo均衡采用迭代联合均衡译码结构,这一迭代过程在信噪比高于某一门限后才能产生正向的迭代增益,当信道码间干扰较为严重或者采用高阶调制方式时,该信噪比门限较高;同时,现有Turbo均衡的性能还受限于其交织器长度,故当码块长度较短时,其性能并不理想。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于Spinal码的联合均衡译码方法。首先,该方法采用非迭代的最大似然联合均衡译码结构,有效避免了Turbo均衡迭代结构所带来的信噪比门限高问题;其次,该方法采用信息混合能力更强的Spinal码,有助于提高码块长度受限时的误码率性能;最后,该方法利用Spinal码可以有效增加相似信息序列间汉明距离的特点,将联合均衡译码时间复杂度降低为仅随信息序列长度与信道响应长度呈线性增长,解决了本方法难以实际应用于实时水声通信的难题。在抚仙湖湖试中,同样实现速率为3.34kbps数据通信,该方法的误码率优于Turbo均衡方法两个数量级以上。时变水声信道下的仿真以及湖试结果表明,该方法在码长受限的情况下仍在复杂水声信道中表现出更好性能,其所需的最低输入信噪比显著低于现有Turbo均衡方法。      

循环移位扩频水声通信

针对常规直接序列扩频水声通信数据传输速率低及M元扩频水声通信接收机复杂度高的问题,基于扩频序列优良的相关特性,提出循环移位扩频水声通信方法.在发射端,根据输入信息对基本波形进行循环移位编码;在接收端,利用快速相关技术进行时延估计及译码.进行了中远程湖上实验研究,在15 km距离,2 kHz带宽内,总数据传输速率可达438 bit/s, 误码率为10^-2—10^-5.实验结果表明该方法具有带宽利用率高、复杂度低的特点,适用于中远程及多用户水声通信. 关键词： 水声通信 扩频 循环移位 时延估计     

M元混沌扩频多通道Pattern时延差编码水声通信

Pattern时延差编码水声通信体制利用信息码元的时延值调制信息，他的抗多途扩展干扰能力与码型种类及码型脉宽有关. 扩频通信可获得扩频增益，可胜任远程水声通信，但其通信速率低是使用受限的重要原因. 提出将扩频通信与Pattern时延差编码水声通信体制相结合，并采用M元扩频、多通道工作方式，构成一种新的适用于水声环境的通信方案，既可获得扩频通信的优良性能，又可提高通信速率. 湖试结果验证了本文提出的M元混沌扩频多通道Pattern时延差编码水声通信方案的鲁棒性及可行性.     

硬件加密的扩频通信方案

提出了一个利用混沌激光源产生1 Gbit/s的随机序列作为扩频码的方案.理论分析表明,该随机序列克服了伪随机序列的周期性,在扩大扩频码容量的同时实现了扩频码可变,提高了通信安全性. 利用Simulink软件对该扩频系统进行仿真.结果表明,当信息速率一定时,扩频增益越大,误码率越低,与理论结果相符.与传统的扩频系统相比,该方案在提高系统抗干扰能力的同时也增强了保密性. 关键词： 扩频通信 随机序列 混沌激光源     

OFDM-based visible light communication with rotated polarity modulation aided complex color shift keying

High-rate techniques, such as optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) and color shift keying(CSK), have been proposed for visible light communication(VLC). To fully exploit their advantages,in this Letter, we design a modulation scheme called rotated polarity modulation(RPM) aided complex CSK(CCSK) for OFDM-based VLC systems and derive its theoretical bit error rate and an optimal scaling factor. Analytical and simulation results show that in comparison to the existing schemes, the new RPM-CCSK-OFDM system offers an improved link performance and data rate under a modest complexity.It can also be applied to VLC systems equipped with different types of LED devices, thus enabling flexible deployments.     

Joint iterative compressed sensing algorithm eliminating clipping noise in underwater acoustic communication system

Due to the intricacy characteristics of the Underwater Acoustic(UWA) channel especially the limited bandwidth, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) is used because of its high spectrum efficiency. However, relatively high Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio(PAPR) limits the efficiency of OFDM in UWA communication, leading to saturation in the power amplifier and consequent distortion of the signal. Clipping and C companding as the most classic and convenient algorithms, are widely applied to address the high PAPR issue. However clipping introduces additional noise which degrades the system's performance and traditional C companding is also not suitable for underwater acoustic field. Thus, an improved C companding combined with clipping is proposed here. Due to the sparseness of clipping noise, Compressed Sensing(CS) can be utilized to estimate it. The scheme exploits pilot tones and data tones as observations instead of reserve tones, which is different from the previous works and improves data rate. Furthermore, to minimize the effect of the underwater acoustic channel, the channel is also estimated using the CS technique, which provides more accurate channel characteristics than Least Square(LS) or Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE) estimation algorithms. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is proved in computer simulations as well as in a pool experiment.     

猝发混合扩频水声隐蔽通信技术

针对常规的连续载波调制扩频通信方式容易通过能量检测的方法被截获的问题,提出了一种猝发的混合扩频水声隐蔽通信方式,该方法通过在时间上随机的发送脉冲混合调制扩频信号来降低截获概率,而且可以比较灵活的通过调整平均占空比来满足不同隐蔽性的要求,但是该隐蔽性是以牺牲通信速率为代价的。猝发信号中混合了二进制相位键控(BPSK)、循环移位键控(CSK)和多进制频移键控(MFSK)扩频调制方式,采用自同步和时频二维搜索算法实现码元和载波同步。通过仿真分析了猝发通信系统的隐蔽性能和多途信道下的误码性能,并且通过了南海海试验证了算法的性能,在5 km的通信距离上,4 kHz的带宽内,单个脉冲信号的通信速率可以达到317 bps,误码率达到10-3以下。      

Chaotic modulations and performance analysis for digital underwater acoustic communications

Two modulation schemes, M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) and M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK), are commonly used for coherent and incoherent digital communications, respectively. Despite wide applications in underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, they are not suitable for confidential applications for their well-known generating processes and signal features. In this paper, two corresponding chaotic modulation methods are proposed to improve their security, namely chaotic MPSK (CMPSK) and chaotic MFSK (CMFSK). By application of chaotic sequences into the modulation procedures, they can prevent the unauthorized receivers from extracting information from the intercepted signals even with high SNR. The confidential performance of chaotic modulations is evaluated by a designed automatic modulation classification (AMC) system. Simulation results indicate a success identification rate of more than 90% for the MPSK and MFSK signal at the SNR from −10 dB to 40 dB, but only an identification rate of nearly zero for the CMPSK and CMFSK signal. Therefore, chaotic modulations have lower available probability and can achieve higher confidential performance. Also, an experiment was conducted to verify the performance of chaotic modulations in actual UWA communications. The experimental results show that chaotic modulations can achieve similar bit error ratio (BER) compared with conventional digital modulations, which verifies potential applications of chaotic modulations in confidential UWA communications.     

Bandwidth-efficient frequency-domain equalization for single carrier multiple-input multiple-output underwater acoustic communications

This paper proposes a single carrier (SC) receiver scheme with bandwidth-efficient frequency-domain equalization (FDE) for underwater acoustic (UWA) communications employing multiple transducers and multiple hydrophones. Different from the FDE methods that perform FDE on a whole data block, the proposed algorithm implements an overlapped-window FDE by partitioning a large block into small subblocks. A decision-directed channel estimation scheme is incorporated with the overlapped-window FDE to track channel variations and improve the error performance. The proposed algorithm significantly increases the length of each block and keeps the same number of training symbols per block, hence achieving better data efficiency without performance degradation. The proposed scheme is tested by the undersea data collected in the Rescheduled Acoustic Communications Experiment (RACE) in March 2008. Without coding, the 2-by-12 MIMO overlapped-window FDE reduces the average bit error rate (BER) over traditional SC-FDE schemes by 74.4% and 84.6% for the 400 m and 1000 m range systems, respectively, at the same data efficiency. If the same BER performance is required, the proposed algorithm has only 8.4% transmission overhead, comparing to over 20% overhead in other existing UWA OFDM and SC-FDE systems. The improved data efficiency and/or error performance of the proposed FDE scheme is achieved by slightly increased computational complexity over traditional SC-FDE schemes.     

近程高速水声毫米波通信仿真与试验验证*

水声信道的严重双扩特性极大地限制了水声高速通信的稳健性。针对近程高速水声通信技术的需求,该文基于水声毫米波频段,提出了一种基于超奈奎斯特发射技术及高阶调制技术的单载波的水声毫米波通信技术。而超奈奎斯特发射技术以及高阶调制给接收机带来了极大的挑战:一是超奈奎斯特发射技术引入了严重的符号间干扰,二是高阶调制系统的符号检测对信道估计的精度要求很高。针对以上问题,该文提出了一种基于迭代信道估计技术的迭代软反馈DFE接收机技术。仿真实验表明:采用128QAM高阶调制时,在较为严重的多途衰落信道条件下,采用所提出的接收机可以在15 dB时实现无误码传输。信道水池试验证明:当通信带宽为300 kHz,通信符号率为300k符号/秒且采用64QAM调制时,在发射平台慢速运动的条件下可以实现900 kbps的净数据率,其相应的频谱利用率高达6 Bits/s/Hz。     

Signal processing for noncoherent underwater acoustic communication approaching channel capacity

Noncoherent underwater acoustic communication channel in adverse conditions is modeled as a phase-random Rayleigh fading channel,and its capacity curve is derived.To approach the channel capacity curve,the concatenated code of the nonbinary LDPC code and the constant weight code is proposed for noncoherent communication which can late be iteratively decoded in the probability domain.Without information of channel amplitude or phase in the receiver,statistic parameters of the respective signal and noise bins were estimated based on the moment estimation method,the posterior probabilities of the constant weight code words were further calculated,and the nonbinary LDPC code was decoded with the nonbinary factor graph algorithm.It is verified by simulations that by utilizing the proposed concatenated code and its processing algorithm,gap to channel capacity curve is reduced by 3 dB when compared to the existing method.Underwater communication experiments were carried out in both deep ocean（vertical communication,5 km）and shallow lake（horizontal communication,near 3 km,delay spread larger than 50 ms）,in which the signal frequency band was 6 kHz to10 kHz,and the data transmission rate Was 357 bps.The proposed scheme can work properly in both experiments with a signal-to-noise ratio threshold of 2 dB.The performance of the proposed algorithm Was well verified by the experiments.     

基于单矢量有源平均声强器的码分多址水声通信

基于单矢量传感器对码分多址水声通信进行了研究. 利用单个矢量传感器自身指向性进行方位估计最为常用的方法是平均声强器和复声强器, 但这些方法对于同频带的多用户来说, 理论极限仅能测量两个用户. 提出了有源平均声强器, 利用扩频通信中伪随机码优良的自相关和互相关特性, 可同时测得多个用户的方位, 利用估计的用户方位构建矢量组合, 调整矢量传感器的指向性, 实现各用户定向通信, 抑制多址干扰, 增加处理增益, 降低误码率. 对频带相同的扩频多用户通信进行了仿真及试验研究, 验证了有源平均声强器的有效性和实用性.     

基于单矢量有源平均声强器的码分多址水声通信

基于单矢量传感器对码分多址水声通信进行了研究. 利用单个矢量传感器自身指向性进行方位估计最为常用的方法是平均声强器和复声强器, 但这些方法对于同频带的多用户来说, 理论极限仅能测量两个用户. 提出了有源平均声强器, 利用扩频通信中伪随机码优良的自相关和互相关特性, 可同时测得多个用户的方位, 利用估计的用户方位构建矢量组合, 调整矢量传感器的指向性, 实现各用户定向通信, 抑制多址干扰, 增加处理增益, 降低误码率. 对频带相同的扩频多用户通信进行了仿真及试验研究, 验证了有源平均声强器的有效性和实用性.     

The study of underwater acoustic communication technology based-on the acoustic vector sensor

Underwater acoustic (UWA) communication based on an acoustic vector sensor is studied. The method of joint weighted sound pressure and velocity processing is used in phase modulation high-speed UWA communication system combined with coherent demodulation and adaptive equalization algorithm to demodulate and decode. Whereas the sound intensity could be used instead of pressure for frequency decoding in frequency modulation UWA communication system. The results of theory analysis, simulation calculations and lake trials have shown that either in phase modulation or in frequency modulation UWA communication system, the processing gain can be evidently increased, so that the BER (bit error rate) can be effectively reduced and the telemetry distance can be enlarged by using the acoustic vector sensor.