基于矢量传感器的频率估计算法在水声通信中的应用

本文给出了基于矢量传感器的ESPRIT频率估计算法，并将其应用于频率调制水声通信系统中。与声强频率估计算法相比，ESPRIT频率估计可在小样本的情况下，获得高精度的频率估计。仿真和湖试结果表明，基于矢量传感器的ESPRIT频率估计算法可以提高通信速率并降低对通信系统的带宽要求。本算法对信噪比的要求较高，目前看，较适用于近程高速水声通信。     

基于单矢量差分能量检测器的扩频水声通信

通过获得扩频处理增益, 直接序列扩频水声通信系统具有较高的稳定性, 是高质量水声通信及远程水声通信的首选通信方式. 但复杂的海洋环境使得直扩系统在解扩时受到载波相位跳变的影响, 这将导致直扩系统的扩频处理增益下降. 为此, 本文针对直扩系统提出了差分能量检测器算法, 通过比较接收端相关器输出能量完成解码, 并与有源平均声强器算法相结合, 提出单矢量差分能量检测器算法. 该算法具有很好的抗载波相位跳变和多途扩展干扰的能力, 并可对信号方位信息实时跟踪估计, 利用估计方位进行矢量组合可获得矢量处理增益, 从而保证直扩系统可以在低信噪比、时变信道条件下稳定工作. 通过仿真分析和大连海试试验, 验证了本文提出的单矢量差分能量检测器算法的有效性和稳健性.     

基于矢量传感器的水下双址接入研究

针对水声信道的特殊性,提出一种适用于水声通信的双址接入方法。旋转矢量传感器的组合指向性,使其零点对准某一信源,则该信源被屏蔽,此时信宿可以与另一信源进行通信,反之亦然。矢量传感器的空间指向性不随频率变化,该方法可以实现宽带双址异步通信。此外,当两信源之间的开角大于34.8°时,通过对矢量传感器声压和振速输出的联合处理,可以使分离出的不同信源所发射的信号获得一定的信噪比增益。理论分析、数值仿真和湖上实验结果表明:基于矢量传感器的双址通信算法实现简单,信道资源利用率高,可以与其它多址接入技术结合使用,并且矢量传感器的空间增益可以有效降低系统的误码率。由于水声信道的特殊性,水下信息网须采用多种多址接入技术,本文所提出的双址通信方案将是其它多址接入技术的有益补充。      

点对点移动水声通信技术研究

点对点移动水声通信是实现由活动和静止节点共同构成的水声数据通信网的关键技术之一. 对移动水声通信声信道特性进行了分析,指出不同途径到达的声线对应的多普勒频偏不一致,进一步加大了多途扩展产生的码间干扰的复杂性,不利于水声通信. 提出单阵元被动式相位共轭镜信道均衡技术,可实时自动补偿多普勒频偏,并聚焦多途信号. 将单阵元被动式相位共轭应用于Pattern时延差编码移动水声通信系统,进行了移动水声通信试验,湖试结果验证了其消除码间干扰性能及本文水声通信系统的鲁棒性. 关键词： 移动水声通信 被动式相位共轭镜 时变信道 码间干扰     

近程高速水声毫米波通信仿真与试验验证*

水声信道的严重双扩特性极大地限制了水声高速通信的稳健性。针对近程高速水声通信技术的需求,该文基于水声毫米波频段,提出了一种基于超奈奎斯特发射技术及高阶调制技术的单载波的水声毫米波通信技术。而超奈奎斯特发射技术以及高阶调制给接收机带来了极大的挑战:一是超奈奎斯特发射技术引入了严重的符号间干扰,二是高阶调制系统的符号检测对信道估计的精度要求很高。针对以上问题,该文提出了一种基于迭代信道估计技术的迭代软反馈DFE接收机技术。仿真实验表明:采用128QAM高阶调制时,在较为严重的多途衰落信道条件下,采用所提出的接收机可以在15 dB时实现无误码传输。信道水池试验证明:当通信带宽为300 kHz,通信符号率为300k符号/秒且采用64QAM调制时,在发射平台慢速运动的条件下可以实现900 kbps的净数据率,其相应的频谱利用率高达6 Bits/s/Hz。     

基于单矢量有源平均声强器的码分多址水声通信

基于单矢量传感器对码分多址水声通信进行了研究. 利用单个矢量传感器自身指向性进行方位估计最为常用的方法是平均声强器和复声强器, 但这些方法对于同频带的多用户来说, 理论极限仅能测量两个用户. 提出了有源平均声强器, 利用扩频通信中伪随机码优良的自相关和互相关特性, 可同时测得多个用户的方位, 利用估计的用户方位构建矢量组合, 调整矢量传感器的指向性, 实现各用户定向通信, 抑制多址干扰, 增加处理增益, 降低误码率. 对频带相同的扩频多用户通信进行了仿真及试验研究, 验证了有源平均声强器的有效性和实用性.     

基于单矢量有源平均声强器的码分多址水声通信

基于单矢量传感器对码分多址水声通信进行了研究. 利用单个矢量传感器自身指向性进行方位估计最为常用的方法是平均声强器和复声强器, 但这些方法对于同频带的多用户来说, 理论极限仅能测量两个用户. 提出了有源平均声强器, 利用扩频通信中伪随机码优良的自相关和互相关特性, 可同时测得多个用户的方位, 利用估计的用户方位构建矢量组合, 调整矢量传感器的指向性, 实现各用户定向通信, 抑制多址干扰, 增加处理增益, 降低误码率. 对频带相同的扩频多用户通信进行了仿真及试验研究, 验证了有源平均声强器的有效性和实用性.     

Chaotic modulations and performance analysis for digital underwater acoustic communications

Two modulation schemes, M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) and M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK), are commonly used for coherent and incoherent digital communications, respectively. Despite wide applications in underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, they are not suitable for confidential applications for their well-known generating processes and signal features. In this paper, two corresponding chaotic modulation methods are proposed to improve their security, namely chaotic MPSK (CMPSK) and chaotic MFSK (CMFSK). By application of chaotic sequences into the modulation procedures, they can prevent the unauthorized receivers from extracting information from the intercepted signals even with high SNR. The confidential performance of chaotic modulations is evaluated by a designed automatic modulation classification (AMC) system. Simulation results indicate a success identification rate of more than 90% for the MPSK and MFSK signal at the SNR from −10 dB to 40 dB, but only an identification rate of nearly zero for the CMPSK and CMFSK signal. Therefore, chaotic modulations have lower available probability and can achieve higher confidential performance. Also, an experiment was conducted to verify the performance of chaotic modulations in actual UWA communications. The experimental results show that chaotic modulations can achieve similar bit error ratio (BER) compared with conventional digital modulations, which verifies potential applications of chaotic modulations in confidential UWA communications.     

分布式光纤声波振动传感系统研发及应用

针对油气田勘探开发需获取微声波信号完整波形的问题，开展了基于双脉冲外差调制与反正切外差解调方案的分布式光纤声波传感（DAS）技术研究与配套系统研发。通过特征参数室内振动模拟实验，新型DAS系统的响应频率范围20 Hz～25 kHz、最大动态范围60 dB、信噪比49 dB，满足微声波信号幅度、频率、相位等信息的探测需求。同时，该系统在新疆油田稠油热采井下蒸汽腔探测方面成功开展了现场应用，实测有效声压强度?195 dB，验证了系统的可靠性，具有良好的应用前景。     

Spatial diversity and combination technology using amplitude and phase weighting method for phase-coherent underwater acoustic communications

The UWA channel is characterized as a time-dispersive rapidly fading channel,which in addition exhibits Doppler instabilities and limited bandwidth. To eliminate intersymbol interference caused by multipath propagation, spatial diversity equalization is the main technical means. The paper combines the passive phase conjugation and spatial processing to maximize the output array gain. It uses signal-to-noise-plus-interference to evaluate the quality of signals received at different channels. The amplitude of signal is weighted using Sigmoid function. Second order PLL can trace the phase variation caused by channel, so the signal can be accumulated in the same phase. The signals received at different channels need to be normalized. It adopts fractional-decision feedback diversity equalizer(FDFDE) and achieves diversity equalization by using different channel weighted coefficients. The simulation and lake trial data processing results show that, the optimized diversity receiving equalization algorithm can improve communication system's ability in tracking the change of underwater acoustic channel,offset the impact of multipath and noise and improve the performance of communication system.The performance of the communication receiving system is better than that of the equal gain combination. At the same time, the bit error rate(BER) reduces 1.8%.     

A directional acoustic array using silicon micromachined piezoresistive microphones

The need for noise source localization and characterization has driven the development of advanced sound field measurement techniques using microphone arrays. Unfortunately, the cost and complexity of these systems currently limit their widespread use. Directional acoustic arrays are commonly used in wind tunnel studies of aeroacoustic sources and may consist of hundreds of condenser microphones. A microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based directional acoustic array system is presented to demonstrate key technologies to reduce the cost, increase the mobility, and improve the data processing efficiency versus conventional systems. The system uses 16 hybrid-packaged MEMS silicon piezoresistive microphones that are mounted to a printed circuit board. In addition, a high-speed signal processing system was employed to generate the array response in near real time. Dynamic calibrations of the microphone sensor modules indicate an average sensitivity of 831 microV/Pa with matched magnitude (+/-0.6 dB) and phase (+/-1 degree) responses between devices. The array system was characterized in an anechoic chamber using a monopole source as a function of frequency, sound pressure level, and source location. The performance of the MEMS-based array is comparable to conventional array systems and also benefits from significant cost savings.     

OFDM水声通信CS限幅失真补偿与LS信道估计优化算法*

正交频分复用技术应用于水声通信系统时,会引起较高的峰均比,当采用限幅法对峰均比进行抑制时,会产生非线性失真。另外,系统采用最小二乘法进行信道估计受噪声的影响较大。针对以上问题,提出了一种基于压缩感知技术的补偿限幅非线性失真与最小二乘信道估计相组合的新算法,在接收端利用导频数据采用压缩感知算法对限幅失真进行补偿,同时对最小二乘信道估计进行优化运算,以减小噪声对其影响。理论分析和仿真结果均表明,新算法不但能够有效抑制限幅法造成的系统非线性失真问题,而且能够降低高斯白噪声对于信道估计的影响。     

Processing of acoustic signals in the auditory system of bony fish

In order to determine unambiguously the bearing of a sound source, a fish must be able to resolve acoustic pressure and the components of the acoustic displacement vector from the signals detected by the otolithic organs. A new hypothesis for the processing of acoustical information by bony fish is presented. It is demonstrated that much of the processing required to do this may be implicit in the structure of the ear and its associated neural innervation. Possible algorithms are presented that the central nervous system might use to further process the derived information to localize a sound source and discriminate frequency and range. The hypothesis is shown to be consistent with much of what is known of the morphology and physiology of the auditory system of bony fishes.     

Covert underwater acoustic communications

Low probability of detection (LPD) communications are conducted at a low received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to deter eavesdroppers to sense the presence of the transmitted signal. Successful detection at intended receiver heavily relies on the processing gain achieved by employing the direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technique. For scenarios that lack a sufficiently low SNR to maintain LPD, another metric, referred to as low probability of interception (LPI), is of interest to protect the privacy of the transmitted information. If covert communications take place in underwater acoustic (UWA) environments, then additional challenges are present. The time-varying nature of the UWA channel prevents the employment of a long spreading waveform. Furthermore, UWA environments are frequency-selective channels with long memory, which imposes challenges to the design of the spreading waveform. In this paper, a covert UWA communication system that adopts the DSSS technique and a coherent RAKE receiver is investigated. Emphasis is placed on the design of a spreading waveform that not only accounts for the transceiver structure and frequency-selective nature of the UWA channel, but also possesses a superior LPI. The proposed techniques are evaluated using both simulated and SPACE'08 in-water experimental data.     

正交M元码元移位键控扩频水声通信

M元和码元移位键控(CSK)扩频在水声通信中被广泛采用来克服扩频增益对通信速率的限制。为了获得更高的通信速率,文章基于Gold序列较大的码本数量、良好的自相关和互相关特性,提出正交双通道的M元和CSK相结合的水声通信方法。通过公式推导描述了正交M元CSK的调制和解调流程及影响其性能的因素。并且,通过与双通道M元CSK的仿真比较,得到正交M元CSK的误码率曲线。最后,通过实验验证了仿真的有效性。并实现了10 kbits数据量下1096.8 bps通信速率的无误码传输。通过推导、仿真和实验,可以得到这样的结论:正交M元CSK提供了优良的通信性能。      

Orthogonal M-ary code shift keying spread spectrum underwater acoustic communication

M-ary and code shift keying（CSK）spread spectrum is generally applied to overcoming the spreading gain versus data rate limitation in underwater acoustic（UWA）communications.In addition,the concept of orthogonal M-ary CSK is introduced to UWA communication to gain higher rates.We propose a scheme employing dual-orthogonal-channel M-ary and CSK spread spectrum UWA communication based on Gold sequences owing large code set and good self and cross correlation.The modulation and demodulation scheme of the orthogonal M-ary CSK is derived algebraically and the factors critical to its performance are discussed.Furthermore,its bit error rate（BER）curve is evaluated via simulations and compared with the dual-channel M-ary CSK.Finally,the validity of the simulations is verified in tank experiments.1096.8 bps data rate of the proposed communication scheme is realized for 10 kbits data volume with no error.Overall through deduction,numerical simulation,and experiment,it is shown that the proposed method offers significantly improved performance.     

Scanning acoustic Doppler microscopy and scanning acoustic correlation microscopy

Acoustic microscopy with vector contrast at 100 MHz in a fluid with immersed particles is used to detect the flow profile in front of a microscopic orifice. The velocity profile concerning the component in axial direction of the focused beam is derived from the phase contrast. Possibilities to resolve the flow profile also for the components in normal direction with respect to the axis are demonstrated. The methods concerning measurement techniques and data evaluation for scanning acoustic Doppler microscopy are presented. For scanning acoustic correlation microscopy the time dependent phase and amplitude signals resulting from sound waves scattered by the immersed particles (aluminium flakes with a typical diameter of 10 microm) have been analysed by correlation procedures. From the obtained autocorrelation functions the velocity distribution can be derived. Both methods can be applied simultaneously. Data analysis is based on the information contained in the originally obtained images in vector contrast derived from temporal and spatial resolved analogue and digital processing of the acoustic signals.     

实时主动声定位系统设计*

针对在军事演习或爆炸实验中对冲击波超压传感器位置的精确定位,设计了一种实时主动声定位系统。该系统由声信号发射系统、声信号接收处理系统和无线监控终端系统三部分组成。声信号发射系统与无线监控终端以单片机STC12C5A60S2作为核心控制器,接收处理系统以ARM9系列的S3C2440作为核心控制器。发射系统发射四种已知频率的声信号,接收处理系统接收并处理收到的四种声信号,然后把处理结果反馈到无线监控终端。通过实验表明,该系统在一定条件下,能够稳定地发射、接收并处理声信号,达到实时定位目标,并在200 m范围内将定位误差控制在厘米级内。     

正交码元移位键控扩频水声通信

码元移位键控(CSK)作为一种广义的M元扩频技术被广泛应用于水声通信领域来克服扩频增益对通信速率的限制.为了获得更高的通信速率, 减少通道间干扰, 并充分利用 CSK的冗余信息, 本文提出联合利用码元相位信息的正交双通道CSK扩频水声通信技术.首先, 推导了正交CSK每符号积分输出的表达式; 然后, 研究了正交CSK的性能及与传统CSK和双通道CSK对比仿真的误码率; 最后, 通过实验验证了仿真对比的正确性. 实现了正交CSK在10⁴ bits, 4 kHz带宽下580.6 bps通信速率的有效传输. 通过公式推导、 仿真分析和实验研究, 得到正交CSK提供了优良的性能的结论. 关键词： 水声通信 扩频 正交 CSK