CeO2分散度对Au/CeO2-SiO2催化剂上甲醛的催化氧化影响

采用浸渍法在高比表面积的SiO2上负载不同量的CeO2,得到了CeO2不同颗粒尺寸的CeO2-SiO2载体,并用沉积沉淀法制备了CeO2-SiO2负载的纳米金催化剂.通过元素分析、X射线衍射、程序升温还原、N2物理吸附、拉曼光谱和透射电镜等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化甲醛氧化活性.结果表明,高分散度、小尺寸的CeO2有利于得到较小尺寸的Au颗粒,并增强了催化剂的还原能力和氧缺位浓度,从而有利于提高催化剂低温甲醛催化氧化活性.     

石墨烯负载Pt/Co双金属纳米颗粒催化剂的制备及催化制氢性能

采用化学共还原方法制备了石墨烯负载Pt/Co双金属纳米颗粒（GBNPS）催化剂,并将其用于催化硼氢化钾（KBH₄）水解制氢.采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）仪和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）表征了该催化剂,并研究了双金属纳米颗粒的化学组成对其催化KBH₄水解制氢性能的影响.结果表明,制备的石墨烯负载Pt/Co双金属纳米颗粒平均粒径为3.2~3.9 nm,其中石墨烯负载Pt₂₀Co₈₀双金属纳米颗粒的催化活性最高,35℃时制氢活性可达35973 mol_H2·h^-1·mol^-1_Pt,且具有良好的耐久性,催化KBH₄水解反应的表观活化能为36 kJ/mol.     

Au/γ-Al2O3的制备与表征及其催化苯甲醛直接酯化

采用直接浸渍-还原法和赖氨酸保护浸渍-还原法制备了γ-Al2O3负载的纳米金催化剂(3%Au/γ-Al2O3),并考察了其在苯甲醛与醇直接酯化反应中的催化性能.在常压无碱条件下,以赖氨酸保护浸渍-还原法制备的Au/γ-Al2O3在苯甲醛与不同脂肪醇直接酯化的反应中表现出优良的催化性能,在该催化剂催化下,苯甲醛与乙醇反应中苯甲醛的转化率可达到94.0%,苯甲酸乙酯选择性为98.5%.通过催化剂的X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N2物理吸附-脱附等表征结果分析了影响催化剂性能的因素.结果表明:赖氨酸浸渍还原法制备的Au/γ-Al2O3表面上纳米金粒径小、分散性好.高分散的纳米金颗粒是提高苯甲醛与醇直接酯化反应催化性能的关键因素.     

原位合成氮掺杂石墨烯负载钯纳米颗粒用于催化香兰素高选择性加氢反应

通过原位合成法制备了氮掺杂石墨烯负载钯纳米颗粒催化剂Pd@N/C-2,用于催化香兰素选择性加氢反应.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对Pd@N/C-2催化剂进行结构与性能的表征,分析表明石墨烯层在活性钯纳米颗粒表面起到了保护作用,提高了催化剂在反应条件下的稳定性,在五次循环回收实验后催化剂仍保持很高的反应活性.通过对石墨烯掺杂氮原子引入了催化反应的化学活性中心和金属纳米颗粒沉积的锚定中心,从而使石墨烯在加氢催化反应中的性能得到进一步提高.并且通过对溶剂的调控实现了香兰素分别高选择性生成香草醇和对甲基愈创木酚,在优化的反应条件下,香草醇和对甲基愈创木酚的产率分别为89%和99%.     

负载型Pt模型催化剂中Pt纳米粒子的形貌对CO氧化活性的影响

采用简单的化学还原法制备了具有不同形貌特征的Pt纳米粒子,并利用浸渍法将其负载到SiO2上,得到了粒子分散均一的负载型Pt催化剂,考察了其催化CO氧化反应性能.X射线荧光分析、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱和透射电镜结果表明,Pt/SiO2模型催化剂上CO氧化活性的不同来源于Pt纳米粒子不同晶面的贡献,即Pt纳米粒子的晶型...     

铁的化学形态对Au/Fe-O催化剂甲醛催化氧化性能的影响

采用溶胶沉积法、共沉淀法制备了负载型Au/Fe-O催化剂,运用X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱(ICP-AES),比表面和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对其进行了表征,考察了Au/Fe-O催化剂对甲醛的催化氧化活性.金负载量相同的条件下,溶胶沉积法制备的样品甲醛催化氧化活性好于共沉淀法制备的样品.实验结果表明:六面体的FeOOH载体担载了较多活性组分纳米金,是影响甲醛催化氧化活性的主要原因.     

石墨烯负载Pt-Pd催化剂的制备、催化制氢性能及机理研究

以氧化石墨烯为载体,采用乙醇共还原法制备了石墨烯负载Pt-Pd双金属纳米催化剂,并将其用于催化碱性硼氢化钾(KBH_4)水解制氢研究.采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段表征了催化剂的微观形貌和结构,发现当金属催化剂中Pt/Pd摩尔比为1∶1时,Pt-Pd双金属催化剂颗粒可均匀地负载于石墨烯载体表面,而且粒径比单金属催化剂和其它组成的双金属催化剂粒径更小,约为5.6 nm.将该催化剂用于催化碱性条件下KBH_4水解制氢实验,结果表明,金属催化剂的化学组成对其催化性能有明显影响,当Pt/Pd摩尔比为1∶1时其催化活性高于其它化学组成(Pt/Pd摩尔比为4∶1或1∶4)的Pt-Pd双金属催化剂,催化活性可达4380 mol_(H2)·mol_M~(-1)·h~(-1),比Pt单金属催化剂活性提高约52%,为Pd单金属催化剂活性的4倍.通过催化反应动力学研究发现,Pt-Pd双金属催化剂催化KBH_4水解制氢反应的活化能约为20.90k J/mol,催化剂具有较佳的耐久性,连续使用3次后催化效率仍可达首次催化反应效率的83%.利用密度泛函理论研究了催化剂催化KBH_4水解反应的机制,发现双金属纳米催化剂可以明显降低硼氢化物水解反应决速步骤基元反应的势垒,从而显著提高催化剂的催化活性.     

纳米Au/NaZSM-5催化剂的控制制备及催化性能

采用硝基甲烷还原-胶体负载法制备了粒径可控的系列高分散纳米Au/NaZSM-5催化剂. 以多相CO催化氧化为模型反应, 考察了Au微粒尺寸、pH值、反应温度、反应时间、焙烧活化温度以及Au含量等条件对催化剂性能的影响, 并利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等技术对催化剂表面化学状态和体相结构进行了表征. 实验结果表明, 制备条件和反应条件对Au粒子尺寸及所得催化剂活性有较大影响, 催化剂性能与Au微粒粒径之间存在明显的尺寸依赖关系.     

氧化石墨烯负载席夫碱钯催化剂的合成、表征及对Suzuki反应催化性能的研究

以修饰的Hummers法制备的氧化石墨烯为载体,席夫碱为配体制备了一种新型的负载型钯催化剂,采用红外光谱仪、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱仪、热重分析仪和X射线衍射仪等手段对负载型催化剂进行了表征,并评价了其对水相Suzuki反应的催化活性.结果表明,该催化剂在较温和的实验条件下即可高效催化水相芳基卤与芳基硼酸的Suzuki反应,催化剂重复使用5次后,活性基本不变.     

还原态氧化石墨烯载Pd纳米催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能

采用改进的Hummers法氧化石墨后,对其超声剥离成氧化石墨烯水溶液,继之通过乙二醇还原Pd金属离子和氧化石墨烯,得到了还原态氧化石墨烯（RGO）负载Pd纳米催化剂,并用于甲酸的电催化氧化.透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射结果显示：负载于RGO上的Pd粒子平均粒径为3.8nm,其优先在RGO的褶皱和边缘处生长.电化学测试表明：RGO上残存的含氧基团降低了Pd催化剂受CO毒化的程度,Pd/RGO催化剂表现出了较商业化Pd/C更高的电催化活性和更好的稳定性.     

纳米Au/TS-1催化剂的制备及用于甲醇羰基化体系

采用负压沉积沉淀法、等体积浸渍法、负压等体积浸渍法等方法制备了纳米Au/TS-1催化剂,研究了深床焙烧和等离子体焙烧,以及焙烧温度和焙烧气氛对催化剂中纳米金粒子大小和催化性能的影响,并采用ICP、TEM、XRD、UV-vis、XPS对催化剂金粒子进行了物化性能表征,采用甲醇羰基化制乙酸甲酯反应表征催化性能.结果表明,不同制备方法、不同焙烧方法、不同焙烧温度和焙烧气氛对负载型纳米Au/TS-1沸石分子筛催化剂中金粒子的大小、形貌、物化性质和催化性能有明显影响.其中,3种制备方法中,氢气气氛下焙烧均比空气和氮气气氛下焙烧得到的催化剂的金粒子尺寸更小,分散更均匀,约为5~10 nm.与其它方法相比,负压沉积沉淀法可制得分散更均匀的金粒子,Au/TS-1沸石催化剂中的金粒子尺寸更小,平均粒径为1~5 nm.催化性能评价结果显示,3种方法制备出的负载型金催化剂用于催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸甲酯反应体系中,甲醇的转化率分别为85%、75%、60%,乙酸甲酯选择性可高达68%,反应温度200℃为最好.     

CeO2-Al2O3负载金催化剂用于水煤气变换反应的催化活性

采用浸渍法和沉积 沉淀法制备了CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,比较了复合氧化物负载纳米金催化剂对水煤气变换反应的催化活性。通过N2物理吸附、XRD、TEM、H₂-TPR等表征手段对复合氧化物及其负载金催化剂的物相和结构进行分析,发现复合氧化物的制备方法及其焙烧温度对其比表面积、孔结构及水煤气变换反应活性有明显的影响。与沉积 沉淀法相比,浸渍法制备的CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物具有较大的CeO₂晶粒尺寸,经500℃焙烧后再负载金,所得催化剂具有更高的活性,250℃时CO转化率可达78.1%。     

Catalytic activity of MCM-48-, SBA-15-, MCF-, and MSU-type mesoporous silicas modified with Fe3+ species in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene in the presence of N2O

MCM-48, SBA-15, MCF, and MSU mesoporous silicas were used as supports for a deposition of Fe oxide species. Iron was introduced using two different methods: the wetness impregnation and the molecular designed dispersion (MDD). The obtained catalysts were characterized with respect to their textural parameters (BET), chemical composition (electron microprobe analysis), and reducibility (TPR). The coordination environment of Fe was determined using EPR and UV-vis/DRS. The samples were tested as catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene in the presence of N(2)O. An influence of Fe dispersion and reducibility on the catalytic activity was discussed. Isolated Fe(3+) species appeared to be more selective in the styrene formation, whereas iron oxide clusters showed a higher selectivity in total oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. The reaction system was well described by the Mars- van Krevellen mechanism.     

Carbon-Supported Silver Catalysts for CO Selective Oxidation in Excess Hydrogen

Carbon materials were used as supports for Ag catalysts that are prepared using the conventional wet impregnation method, and their catalytic properties for CO selective oxidation in excess hydrogen at temperatures below 483 K were tested. A variety of techniques, e.g. N2 adsorption, XPS, TPD, UV-Vis DRS, TEM and SEM, were used to determine the influence of physical and chemical properties of the carbon on the properties of Ag catalyst. It was found that defects on the carbon surface served as nucleation sites for silver ions, while functional groups on carbon surface induced their reduction to the metallic form. The formation of silver particles on carbon was governed by homogeneous and/or heterogeneous nucleation during the impregnation and subsequent activation processes. The best catalytic performance was obtained with a Ag/carbon black catalyst with a uniform size distribution of silver nanoparticles (about 12 nm), moderate BET surface area (with a mesoporous structure), and a limited amount of carbon-oxygen groups. The research indicates that carbon materials are potentially good supports for silver catalysts for preferential oxidation of CO in excess hydrogen.     

Au-Pd supported nanocrystals prepared by a sol immobilisation technique as catalysts for selective chemical synthesis

Catalysis by gold and gold-palladium nanoparticles has attracted significant research attention in recent years. These nanocrystalline materials have been found to be highly effective for selective and total oxidation, but in most cases the catalysts are prepared using precipitation or impregnation. We report the preparation of Au-Pd nanocrystalline catalysts supported on carbon prepared via a sol-immobilisation technique and these have been compared with Au-Pd catalysts prepared via impregnation. The catalysts have been evaluated for two selective chemical syntheses, namely, oxidation of benzyl alcohol and the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. The catalysts have been structurally characterised using a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalysts prepared using the sol immobilisation technique show higher activity when compared with catalysts prepared by impregnation as they are more active for both hydrogen peroxide synthesis and hydrogenation, and also for benzyl alcohol oxidation. The method facilitates the use of much lower metal concentrations which is a key feature in catalyst design, particularly for the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide.     

Liquid Phase Hydrogenolysis of Biomass‐derived Lactate to 1,2‐Propanediol over Silica Supported Cobalt Nanocatalyst

Liquid phase hydrogenolysis of ethyl lactate to 1,2‐propanediol was performed over silica supporting cobalt catalysts prepared by two different methods: precipitation‐gel (PG) technique and deposition‐precipitation (DP) procedure. The cobalt species (Co₃O₄/cobalt phyllosilicate) present in the corresponding calcined PG and DP catalysts were different as a consequence of the preparation methods, and Co OH Co olation and Si O Co oxolation molecular mechanisms were employed to elucidate the chemical phenomena during the different preparation procedures. In addition, the texture (BET), reduction behavior (TPR and in‐situ XRD), surface dispersion and state of cobalt species (XPS), and catalytic performance differ greatly between the samples. Because of small particle size, high dispersion of cobalt species and facile reducibility, the Co/SiO₂ catalyst prepared by precipitation‐gel method presented a much higher activity than the catalyst prepared by deposition‐precipitation method. Metallic cobalt is assumed to be the catalytically active site for the hydrogenolysis reaction according to the catalytic results of both cobalt samples reduced at different temperatures and the structure changes after reaction.     

Catalytic Performance of CeO2／ZnO Nanocatalysts on the Oxidative Coupling of Methane with Carbon Dioxide and their Fractal Features

CeO2/ZnO nanocatalysts were prepared from the coupling route of homogeneous precipitation with microemulsion and the impregnation method. The catalytic performance of these two kinds of catalysts on the oxidative coupling of methane with carbon dioxide was tested and compared; the fractal behavior of the nanocatalysts was analyzed using fractal theory. The CeO2/ZnO nanocatalysts had much higher activity than the catalysts prepared by impregnation method. There was no regular relationship between the average size of CeO2/ZnO nanocatalysts and their catalytic performance; however, the conversion of methane increased with the increase of the fractal dimension of CeO2/ZnO nanocatalysts.     

沉淀剂对镍基甲烷化催化剂性能的影响

利用尿素、碳酸铵、氨水三种沉淀剂制备了不同的镍基甲烷化催化剂,考察了沉淀条件对催化剂性能的影响。通过XRD、H₂-TPR、BET、TPO等方法对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,使用不同沉淀剂所得催化剂性能各不相同。采用尿素沉淀剂,颗粒的比表面积达到了223.55m²/g,具有较稳定的催化活性;碳酸铵沉淀颗粒粒径较大,分散也不够均匀,催化剂更容易积炭;氨水沉淀制备的催化剂粒径小,与载体结合性强,高温下活性组分易于流失。分析认为,沉淀剂影响了催化剂前驱体的形态和结构,造成了分散度、晶相结构、对氢的吸附性质以及抗积炭性等多方面的差异,表现出甲烷化反应活性和稳定性的不同。     

不同载体稳定的纳米金催化剂室温催化氧化甲醛研究

甲醛是一种常见的室内空气污染物,人们针对其消除已经做了大量的研究工作.催化氧化法是脱除挥发性有机物的一种重要方法,能在较低温度下通过催化剂作用将甲醛完全氧化为无毒的CO2和H2O.所用催化剂主要为负载型贵金属催
　　化剂和非贵金属催化剂,但只有担载贵金属Pt或Pd的催化剂可在室温下将甲醛完全氧化,而非贵金属一般则需要较高的温度. Au催化剂是近年来催化领域的一个研究热点,但是关于纳米Au催化剂室温消除甲醛的研究较少.本课题组前期研究发现,以可还原性氧化物(CeO2, FeOx)为载体负载的Au催化剂具有优异的室温氧化甲醛活性;并且突破以可还原性载体负载金的传统思路,首次发现“惰性载体”γ-Al2O3,负载的金催化剂在室温、有水条件下具有优异的甲醛氧化活性.本文对比了还原性氧化物(CeO2, FeOx)和非还原性氧化物(Al2O3, SiO2和HSZM-5)载体负载金催化剂,研究了载体氧化还原性质对负载金催化剂在高空速(600000 ml/(g·s))条件下室温催化氧化甲醛的活性和稳定性影响.结果表明,在室温、高空速且相对湿度为50%的条件下, Au/Al2O3催化剂的初活性最高,且较为稳定. Au/SiO2和Au/HZSM-5催化剂的初活性虽然较高,但很快失活.而还原性氧化物载体(CeO2, FeOx)负载的金催化剂初活性较低,但是稳定性较好.通过电镜对负载金催化剂表面Au粒子大小的表征,并将粒子尺寸与负载金催化剂室温氧化甲醛初活性相关联,它与催化氧化甲醛反应速率成线性关系. Au粒子尺寸较小的催化剂(Au/Al2O3和Au/SiO2),在高空速条件下具有更高的氧化甲醛活性,而Au粒子尺寸较大的Au/FeOx催化剂活性较差.载体的氧化还原性质虽然不直接影响Au催化剂初活性,但直接影响催化剂稳定性.由于Au与SiO2或HZSM-5载体的相互作用较弱,导致反应过程中Au粒子聚集长大,使其失活较快;而Au/Al2O3催化剂表面则富含羟基物种,能够与Au形成配体或产生锚定作用,因此反应过程中金粒子没有明显长大.而表面中间物种的沉积并覆盖活性位是负载金催化剂缓慢失活的主要原因.     

Ni/Al2O3催化甲烷裂解

分别通过浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了不同Ni负载量的Ni/Al2O3催化剂。考察了Ni负载量、制备方法以及反应温度对Ni/Al2O3催化甲烷裂解性能的影响。结果表明,在550℃,浸渍法制备的Ni/Al2O3催化剂,当Ni负载量为20%(质量分数)、Ni金属平均粒径为11.25 nm时,具有最佳的甲烷催化裂解效果,其每摩尔Ni的氢气产量和每克Ni碳产量分别为164 mol和15.30 g。催化剂制备方法对Ni/Al2O3甲烷催化裂解反应有显著影响,相同Ni负载量共沉淀法制备的Ni/Al2O3甲烷催化裂解总体效果要好于浸渍法制备的Ni/Al2O3,而且反应过程中生成的碳纤维较长,管径也较均一。550℃时,共沉淀法制备的Ni负载量为41.2%(质量分数)的Ni/Al2O3催化剂在反应至350 min时,仍保持着30%以上的转化率。