固态电解质锂离子输运机制研究进展

全球环境问题推动了可充电锂电池技术的飞速发展.与液态电解液相比,固态电解质不易燃,构筑所得固态电池的安全性能得以提升.如果能够理解固态电解质中的离子输运行为,就能精准调控固态电池锂的动力学稳定性和倍率性能.随着计算机技术的快速发展,原子尺度模拟技术成为理解材料离子输运的重要手段.针对以上问题,本综合评述首先汇总了固体材料中的常见扩散机制;然后介绍了固态电解质中的锂离子输运机制,着重讨论了影响固态电解质锂离子输运的重要因素(晶体结构、电子结构、外部因素及晶界);最后对固态电解质锂离子输运机制研究进行了总结与展望.     

有机小分子胶凝剂在准固态染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)作为一种新型薄膜太阳电池,因具有价格低廉、高效等特点,受到各界的广泛关注。电解质作为DSC的主要组成部分,对电池效率和稳定性等性能有着重要的影响。本文简述了DSC工作原理及DSC用液态、固态及准固态电解质,从有机溶剂液态电解质和离子液体电解质两个方面,详细评述了有机小分子胶凝剂在准固态染料敏化太阳电池中的研究进展,并对其在准固态染料敏化太阳电池中的应用前景进行了展望。     

固态聚合物电解质的锂离子传导机理与研究进展

锂离子电池(lithiumionbatteries,LIBs)在储能领域已取得了巨大的成功.然而,商用LIBs含有高挥发性易燃有机电解液,使其存在严重的安全隐患.固态聚合物电解质具有解决相应安全性问题的潜力,有望成为下一代高安全性全固态LIBs的电解质材料.然而,固态聚合物电解质存在离子电导率不高等问题,限制了其在固态LIBs中的实际应用.研究者们为了提高该类电解质的离子电导率、锂离子迁移数等综合电化学性能,已在寻找新锂盐、对聚合物进行改性以及向聚合物电解质中添加填料等方面进行了较多的研究.本文简要概述了固态聚合物电解质的锂离子传导机理以及在提高固态聚合物电解质综合电化学性能方面的研究进展.     

聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的研究进展

液态锂离子电池由于采用易泄露、易挥发、易燃烧的碳酸酯有机溶剂,在高温或极端条件下使用时,存在极大的安全隐患.使用固态电解质替代液态电解液,可以从根本上避免此类安全问题的发生,与此同时还可以大幅度提升固态锂电池的能量密度.固态电解质又分为无机固态电解质和聚合物固态电解质2大类.无机固态电解质能够在宽的温度范围内保持化学稳定性,并且电化学窗口较宽,机械强度更高,室温离子电导率较高,但脆性较大,柔韧性差,制备工艺复杂,成本较高.聚合物固态电解质,室温离子电导率偏低,难以满足室温锂离子电池的应用,但其加工成型容易,形状可变.比较而言,固态聚合物电解质,更适宜大规模生产,离产业化相对更近.固态聚合物电解质中研究较多的是聚醚基固态聚合物电解质(如聚环氧乙烷和聚环氧丙烷),但其缺点是室温离子电导率低,需要对其改性或进一步开发综合性能更加优异的其他固态聚合物电解质.聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质由于其特殊的分子结构(含有强极性碳酸酯基团)以及高介电常数,可以有效减弱阴阳离子间的相互作用,提高载流子数量,从而提高离子电导率,因此被认为是一类非常有前途的固态聚合物电解质体系.基于此,本文重点综述了最近研究热点的聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质,包括聚(三亚甲基碳酸酯)体系、聚(碳酸丙烯酯)体系、聚(碳酸乙烯酯)体系和聚(碳酸亚乙烯酯)体系等,并详细阐述了上述每种聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的制备、电化学性能、优缺点及改性手段,归纳出其离子配位-解配位过程和离子扩散机制,还对聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的未来发展方向和研究趋势望进行了预测和展望.     

固态聚合物电解质研究进展

开发下一代高安全且高能量密度能源体系是新能源产业进一步蓬勃发展的关键。将易燃易爆的液态电池替换为固态电池是一项极具前景的工作。在固态电解质中,聚合物电解质由于其高安全性、粘弹性及其良好的界面相容性等成为广泛研究的对象。但是在室温下其离子电导率仍然偏低,需要在高温下才能达到一定的电池性能。因此,在提升聚合物电解质常温离子电导率的同时,还需要进一步研究和改善电解质/电极之间的界面问题,降低界面阻抗。本文从固态聚合物的优缺点出发,介绍了不同固态聚合物电解质的性能及其离子传输机理,展望了固态聚合物电解质的最新研究进展和发展方向。     

先进成像技术在全固态锂电池关键问题研究中的应用

全固态锂电池因其高能量密度和安全性良好而备受关注. 然而,要提高其充放电效率和延长其使用寿命需要其在固态电极、固态电解质及两者间的界面实现快速离子传导. 另外,全固态锂电池中的固态电解质隔膜需要限制锂枝晶的生长,从而使得应用高能量密度的锂金属负极变为可能. 本文基于上述全固态锂电池中的重要问题,讨论了电子显微镜、扫描探针显微镜、X射线断层摄影术、磁共振成像和光学显微镜五种先进成像技术在其中的应用.     

锂单离子导电固态聚合物电解质

锂单离子导电固态聚合物电解质是一类锂离子迁移数接近1的锂离子导体,可以有效避免阴离子移动产生浓差极化,从而提高锂电池的容量以及循环性能,成为近年来固态聚合物电解质的研究热点。本文综述了锂单离子导电固态聚合物电解质的研究进展,重点关注了电导率和锂离子迁移数较高的体系,并简要评述了锂单离子导电固态聚合物电解质所面临的挑战以及发展前景。     

聚合物在离子选择电极上的应用

本文概述了聚合物膜离子选择电极的发展、制备、应用等方面的研究情况。分别对固态膜类和液膜类聚合物膜离子选择电极的优缺点和发展前景进行了分析,并讨论了聚合物在膜电极中的作用,以及聚合物的结构对膜电极性能的影响。     

固态锂硫电池研究进展（英文）

固态锂硫电池具有高能量密度和高安全性的潜在优势,被认为是最有前景的下一代储能体系之一。虽然固态电解质的应用有效地抑制了传统锂硫电池存在的“穿梭效应”和自放电现象,固态锂硫电池仍面临着多相离子/电子输运、电极/电解质界面稳定性、化学-机械稳定性、电极结构稳定性和锂枝晶生长等关键问题亟待解决。针对以上问题,本综述对近年来固态电解质、硫基复合正极、锂金属及锂合金负极以及电极/电解质界面的研究进行了详细的论述。作为固态锂硫电池的重要组成部分,固态电解质近年来受到了研究者们的广泛关注。本文首先对在锂硫电池中得到广泛应用的聚合物基、氧化物基、硫化物基固态电解质的种类和性质进行了概述,并对其在固态锂硫电池中的最新应用进行了系统的总结。在此基础上,对以单质硫、硫化锂、金属硫化物为活性物质的复合硫正极、锂金属及锂合金负极的反应机理以及面临的挑战进行了归纳和比较,对其解决策略进行了总结和分析。此外,对制约固态锂硫电池性能的电极/电解质界面离子/电子输运以及界面相容性问题及其改性策略进行了系统的阐述。最后,对固态锂硫电池的未来发展进行了展望。     

聚氨酯—高氯酸锂固态离子导体的低频交流特性分析

测定了聚氨酯－高氯酸锂固态离子导体的交流阻抗谱。分析了离子导体的温度依赖性和低频介电特性。结果表明，聚氨酯－高氯酸锂固态离子导体具有较高的离子导电率，导电率的温度依赖性服从经验的ＶＴＦ方程，离子导体表现出非Ｄｅｂｙｅ型介电行为。     

多嵌段聚醚氨酯脲为基质的新型高分子固态离子导体

本文合成了一系列聚乙二醇型多嵌段聚醚氨酯脲，而且用这类聚醚氨酯甩与高氯酸锂制得了一种新型的高分子固态离子导体复合物。在室温和50℃之间，其电导率比聚环氧乙烷为基质的固体电解质的高一到二个数量级，它还具有优良的综合性能。因此，对于室温薄膜蓄电池来说，这种新型的固体电解质是一类良好的候选材料。     

POLYMER NETWORK-POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)COMPLEXES WITH SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT

The complexes of poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) network with poly(ethylene glycol) stabilized byhydrogen bonds were prepared. By introducing the poly(ethylene glycol), a large difference in storage modulus below andabove the glass transition temperature occurred and the complexes exhibited shape memory behaviors. The morphology ofcomplexes was studied by using DSC, WAXD, and DMA. The results indicate that the fixed phase of this kind of novelshape memory materials is the network, and the reversible phase is the amorphous state of PEG:PMAA complex phase. Theshape recoverability almost reaches 100%. This type of complexes can be regarded as a novel shape memory network.     

Amphiphilic segmented polyurethanes as surface modifying additives

Amphiphilic segmented polyetherurethanes were prepared from methylene diphenylene diisocyanate (MDI), poly(ethylene glycol) 1500 (PEG), and a fatty acid monoglyceride as a chain extender. The polymers were not soluble in water or methanol, but dissolved readily in organic solvents. The amphiphilic properties were demonstrated as a large hysteresis in the water contact angles, exceeding 110°. The amphiphilic polymers were shown to modify the surface properties of a poly(ether urethane) (PEU) and a poly(ether urethane urea) (PEUU) when added in 1–10 wt %, presumably due to migration of the additive to the surface. The surfaces of particularly the PEU blends became highly amphiphilic, exhibiting contact angles hystereses up to 90–100°. A surface saturation effect was observed at 5% added amphiphilic polymer. A difference in the behavior of PEU and PEUU was ascribed to differences in solubility of the additive in the matrix. On long-term exposure to water the PEUU blends increased their amphiphilic behavior.     

羧酸型聚乙二醇聚氨酯离聚物及其导电性能

以聚环氧乙烷（ＰＥＯ）为软段，与４，４’－二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯（ＭＤＩ）预聚，以２，２’－二羟甲基丙酸（ＤＭＰＡ）扩链合成了含羧酸基团的聚氨酯，并经中和形成了含不同金属离子的离聚物．测定了样品的热分析数据和力学性能，利用交流阻抗分析仪测定了样品的阻抗谱，由此计算出样品的离子电导率．这类样品由于阴离子（－ＣＯＯ－）固定在聚合物分子链上，因此只有单一阳离子迁移．结果表明，羧酸型聚氨酯离聚物既有较高的单一离子电导率又具有优良的力学性能．讨论了不同软段分子量、硬段含量和金属抗衡离子对离子电导性能的影响     

选择性接聚乙烯醇枝聚醚氨酯的合成及其血液相容性

合成了α－甲基，ω－（２，３－环氧丙基）－聚乙二醇醚（Ⅱ）．经水解得到悬挂聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）枝的丙二醇－２，３（Ⅲ）．用二元醇（Ⅲ）为扩链剂制得了在硬链段上接有ＰＥＧ枝的聚醚氨酯（Ｈ－ＰＥＵ）．以四氢呋喃与少量大分子单体（Ⅱ）进行正离子开环共聚合制得每个链接有约１．３个ＰＥＧ枝的聚丁二醇（Ⅳ），用以合成了在软链段上接有ＰＥＧ枝的聚醚氨酯（Ｓ－ＰＥＵ）．ＥＳＣＡ及抗凝血性研究结果表明，不同位置接枝的ＰＥＵ，其表面都有明显的聚醚链段富集．Ｓ－ＰＥＵ抗凝血复钙时间只比未接枝者增长约２０％，而Ｈ－ＰＥＵ则增约一倍，比Ｓ－ＰＥＵ增约６０％．随ＰＥＧ最增大，复钙时间增长．     

CONDUCTING BLENDS OF POLY (2-VINYL PYRIDINE) AND POLYETHYLENE OXIDE WITH HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Ionic, electronic and mixed (ionic-electronic) conductivities of blends of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with high molecular weight after dopedwith LiClO_4, TCNQ or LiClO_4 and TCNQ were investigated. Effects of LiClO_4 and TCNQconcentrations on the conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO_4 or TCNQ blend were studied.The ionic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO_4 blend increases with increasing PEO content.At a Li/ethylene oxide molar ratio of 0.10 and a TCNQ/2-vinyl pyridine molar ratio of 0.5,the mixed conductivity of PEO / P2VP / LiClO_4 / TCNQ is higher than the total of ionicconductivity of PEO/P2VP/LiClO_4 and electronic conductivity of PEO/P2VP/TCNQwhen the weight ratio of PEO and P2VP is 6/4 or 5/5. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) on the broken cross-section of the PEO/P2VP/LiClO_4 blend and differential scan-ning calorimetry (DSC) results show that LiClO_4 could act as a compatibilizer in the blend.     

Microporous structure and drug release kinetics of polymeric nanoparticles

The aim of the present study was to characterize pegylated nanoparticles (NPs) for their microporosity and study the effect of microporosity on drug release kinetics. Blank and drug-loaded NPs were prepared from three different pegylated polymers, namely, poly(ethylene glycol)1%-graft-poly(D,L)-lactide, poly(ethylene glycol)5%-graft-poly(D,L)-lactide, and the multiblock copolymer (poly(D,L)-lactide-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L)-lactide)n. These NPs were characterized for their microporosity using nitrogen adsorption isotherms. NPs of the multiblock copolymer showed the least microporosity and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and that of PEG1%-g-PLA showed the maximum. Based on these results, the structural organization of poly(D,L)-lactide (PLA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains inside the NPs was proposed and was validated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis. An in vitro drug release study revealed that PEG1%-g-PLA NPs exhibited slower release despite their higher surface area and microporosity. This was attributed to the presence of increased microporosity forming tortuous internal structures, thereby hindering drug diffusion from the matrix. Thus, it was concluded that the microporous structure of NPs, which is affected by the molecular architecture of polymers, determines the release rate of the encapsulated drug.     

聚氧乙烯功能基复合修饰聚氨酯的合成及其血液相容性研究 (Ⅰ)──聚氨酯-接枝-十八烷基聚氧乙烯

通过十八烷基聚氧乙烯和环氧氯丙烷的封端反应制备了α-环氧基-ω-十八烷基聚氧乙烯大单体.并采用BF₃·Et₂O引发THF和大单体共聚合,得到了梳状的十八烷基聚氧乙烯接枝共聚醚.以该共聚醚为软段合成了十八烷基和聚氧乙烯复合修饰的聚氨酯(PEU-g-PEO-C₁₈).通过血小板粘附试验对材料的体外抗凝血性实验结果表明,采用具有选择性吸附白蛋白功能的十八烷基和PEO复合修饰聚氨酯,材料表面血小板粘附量明显减少.材料血液相容性的改善可能来源于疏水性的十八烷基和亲水性聚氧乙烯的协同作用.     

Micro- and nanopatterned star poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials prepared by UV-based imprint lithography

A UV-based imprint lithography method is used for the direct surface structuring of hydrogel-based biomaterials, which are prepared from a family of tailor-made star poly(ethylene glycol) formulations. Bulk star poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels are fabricated by cross-linking acrylate-functionalized star PEG macromolecules. Cross-linking is achieved by radical reactions initiated by UV irradiation. This UV-curable star PEG formulation allows templating of mold structures to yield a stable, stand-alone, elastomeric replica of the mold. In particular, when a secondary, soft mold is used that consists of a perfluorinated elastomer with inherent excellent release properties, nanometer-sized features (down to 100 nm) can be imprinted without specialized equipment. The applied UV-based imprint lithography is a fast and simple technique to employ for the direct topographic structuring of bulk PEG-based biomaterials. The UV-based imprinting into the star PEG prepolymer by means of a perfluorinated, soft mold can be carried out on the bench top, while nanoscale resolution is demonstrated.     

Sodium Alginate and Poly(ethylene glycol) Blends: Thermal and Morphological Behaviors

Sodium alginate (SA) was blended with varying amounts of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) viz., 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt % by using water as a solvent. The obtained SA/PEG blends have been characterized for thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) methods. DSC analysis indicates the increase in glass transition temperature (T_g) of the blends with an increase in PEG content in the blend, which is due to chain entanglement. TGA results reveal the enhancement of thermal stability of SA/PEG blends in terms of the onset of degradation and percentage of weight loss. SEM photomicrographs shows the two phase morphology. This result indicates the immiscible nature of the SA/PEG blends.