关于升华和凝华实验的改进

笔者认为教材中关于升华和凝华的实验存在一些问题和弊端 ,对此实验做了以下改进 .取医用小药瓶 ,将其端部破一小孔 ,将药液倒出(或用注射器吸出 ) .将瓶洗干净 ,待内部干燥后 ,放入一小粒碘 .用木夹夹住小瓶 ,在酒精灯上加热小瓶底部 ,使碘升华 .当药瓶为紫红色时 ,立即加热瓶口 ,当瓶口烧红软化后 ,用铁镊子快速将瓶口封严 .用同样方法制造出 2 0～ 30个这样的升华瓶 ,供学生分组实验时使用 .改进后的实验有以下优点 :1 )可获得直观的升华和凝华现象 ,加热时瓶是紫色的 ,停止加热 ,过几十秒后瓶是白色的 .2 )将小药瓶放在手中握一会 ,瓶子…     

脉冲激光光热失调技术

将脉冲激光作为加热光引入光热失调测量技术中,提出了脉冲激光光热失调测量技术,介绍了其基本原理,分析了脉冲激光光热失调测量技术用于测量光学薄膜微弱吸收的可行性.实验以532 nm的高反射光学薄膜为样品,采用波长为632.8 nm的探测光,研究了脉冲激光光热失调技术信号振幅的时间特性以及最大信号幅值与样品表面加热光能量密度、加热光斑与探测光斑相对位置的变化关系.研究结果表明,光热信号随时间先增大后减小,而随表面加热光能量密度的提高而增大,当样品表面加热和探测光斑重合时光热信号最大.     

受控核聚变——现代物理学的一个重要前沿领域(之五)

 五、如何达到点火温度核聚变研究的重要目标之一是设法把等离子体的温度提高到10keV以上.这是实现聚变点火必不可少的基本条件之一.主要的加热手段包括欧姆加热,高能中性粒子束注入加热,大功率射频波加热,绝热压缩加热和α粒子加热等.1.欧姆加热的原理及其局限性众所周知,等离子体是良导体,但具有一定的电阻,一旦有电流通过,因电阻效应而得到了加热.按照欧姆定律,其加热功率密度表示为:P=ηj²,式中η是等离子体电阻率,可表示为η=2.8×10^-8/T（?）（欧姆米）,其中电子温度T_?以keV为单位.这个简单表达式是假定采用氢等离子体、其密度为10²⁰m^-3情况下代入著名的斯必泽公式得到的.从上式中可知,随着等离子体电子温度的不断升高,其电阻率急剧下降,由此引起欧姆加热的功率密度急剧下降.这说明欧姆加热这种方式有局限性.我们知道,所有托卡马克的等离子体最初都由环向的等离子体电流提供欧姆加热.但经过计算表明,仅依靠欧姆加热,其电子温度至多加热到1.5keV左右.为使等离子体达到10keV以上的聚变点火温度,必须在欧姆加热的基础上采用等离子体辅助加热.目前获得成功并受到广泛重视的辅助加热手段有高能中性粒子束注入法和射频波共振吸收法.     

微重力池沸腾现象中的汽泡行为特性

本文对准稳态加热条件下的微重力核态池沸腾中的汽泡行为特征进行了实验研究,分析了初始核化过程、汽泡数密度、汽泡尺寸及其运动速度等的变化趋势,探讨了过冷度及加热历史等因素对相关特性的影响.实验发现:微重力条件下汽泡生成后沿加热面不停地移动;原生汽泡会聚合形成大汽泡,大汽泡不断捕掠小汽泡而长大,直到大汽泡覆盖整个加热面;汽泡生长速度随过冷度增加而变慢.     

ECR等离子体的磁电加热研究

在ECR等离子体装置上进行了磁电加热研究,利用离子灵敏探针(ISP)测量了磁电加热前后离子温度的变化,研究了电极环偏压、磁场强度、气压等参数对磁电加热过程以及加热效率的影响.结果表明:等离子体的整体加热是通过离子在电极环鞘层中的磁电加热及被加热的离子沿径向的输运来完成的.轴心处离子温度随电极环偏压的升高呈非线性增加.磁电加热效率随偏压的增大而增大,在电极环偏压为1000 V时,磁电加热效率为2%-2.5%,ECR等离子体中的离子温度能够提高20 eV以上.磁场强度在磁电加热过程中对离子的限制和加热起到重要作用,当磁场强度在6.3×10^-2-8.7×10^-2T之间变化时,磁电加热的效率随磁场强度的增大而增大.气压在0.02-0.8 Pa范围内,磁电加热的效率随气压的减小而增大. 关键词： ECR等离子体 磁电加热 离子温度     

涡电流加热实验仪的研制

简述了涡电流加热的实验原理,并设计了涡电流加热实验仪.该实验仪利用给带铁芯的线圈通电产生的磁场,通过磁场变化产生涡电流,同时释放出热量达到涡电流加热的目的.比较了几种金属的涡电流加热与同种金属在不同电源频率下的涡电流加热的效果.     

马蹄金多糖提取及含量测定

比较不同温度条件下超声水提-醇沉和加热回流水提-醇沉提取马蹄金多糖的效率,再分别用Sevag法去蛋白制得粗多糖,从而确定一种马蹄金多糖提取的最适方法.多糖经苯酚-硫酸显色后在490nm处用紫外-可见分光光度计进行比色测定.结果表明,超声条件下,温度与提取效率成正比,但超声提取与煮沸下加热回流提取比较,加热回流的提取方法效率较高.这为进一步提取、分析马蹄金多糖及其药理学研究提供理论依据.     

受控核聚变——现代物理学的一个重要前沿领域(之五)

五、如何达到点火温度核聚变研究的重要目标之一是设法把等离子体的温度提高到10keV以上.这是实现聚变点火必不可少的基本条件之一.主要的加热手段包括欧姆加热,高能中性粒子束注入加热,大功率射频波加热,绝热压缩加热和α粒子加热等.1.欧姆加热的原理及其局限性众所周知,等离子体是良导体,但具有一定的电阻,一旦有电流通过,因电阻效应而得到了加热.按照欧姆定律,其加热功率密度表示为:P=ηj~2,式中η是等离子体电阻率,可表示为η=2.8×10~(-8)/T(?)(欧姆米),其中电子温度T_(?)以keV为单位.这个简单表达式是假定采用氢等离子体、其密度为10~(20)m~(-3)情况下代入著名的斯必泽公式得到的.从上式中可知,随着等离子体电子温度的不断升高,其电阻率急剧下降,由此引起欧姆加热的功率密度急剧下降.这说明欧姆加热这种方式有局限性.我们知道,所有托卡马克的等离子体最初都由环向的等离子体电流提供欧姆加热.但经过计算表明,仅依靠欧姆加热,其电子温度至多加热到1.5keV左右.为使等离子体达到10keV以上的聚变点火温度,必须在欧姆加热的基础上采用等离子体辅助加热.目前获得成功并受到广泛重视的辅助加热手段有高能中性粒子束注入法和射频波共振吸收法.     

微波加热法快速制备纳米银及其SERS活性研究

将一定浓度的硝酸银及柠檬酸三钠混合后,用微波加热法根据加热时间及加热方式的不同,制备出了5个纳米银溶胶样品.用电泳仪、吸收光谱、透射电镜对这5个样品进行了表征,发现加热时间短时,纳米银表面带正电,加热时间长时纳米银表面带负电,且加热时间长时吸收峰红移,纳米银尺寸增大.为测试该纳米银溶胶是否具有表面增强喇曼散射 (SERS)活性,选用了阳离子型分子碱性品红（Fuchsine basic ）、亚甲基蓝（Methylene blue）,阴离子型分子苯甲酸（Benzoic acid）,中性分子丫啶橙(Alcidine orange)、苏丹红(Sudan red)作为其SERS活性的测试分子,进行SERS研究.结果发现,所制备的纳米银除样品5对苏丹红分子无增强效应外,其余样品对所选分子都具有较好的增强效果.     

星际氧气分子的气相-尘埃模型研究（英文）

本文采用气相-尘埃模型Nautilus研究了星际氧气的演化过程,使用了两种典型初始丰度值下的恒温模型和变化物理条件下的加热模型进行模拟计算.结果表明,在冷致密云的条件下,CO、O_2和H_2O达到峰值的时间依赖于氢核密度的多少,其随氢核密度的增大而减小.在加热模型中,在温度升高后的10~5年后,氧气的丰度值与观测结果符合较好.在温度大于30 K后,氧气的稳态丰度值将不再随氢核密度而变化,且大于此温度可以阻止氧气大量的沉降到尘埃表面.此外,无论在恒温模型还是在加热模型中,低氢核密度更有利于O_2的生成.     

Heat-transfer processes upon laser heating of inert-matrix-hosted inclusions

A model to describe the heating of metal inclusions in inert media by a laser radiation pulse with allowance for the heat-transfer and melting processes in the matrix and inclusion materials is proposed. The time regularities of the heating of the matrix and inclusions were examined, and the dependences of the maximum temperature on the particle surface on the laser pulse energy density and on the particle radius were obtained. Approximate formulae for the maximum heating temperature and for the radius of most heated particles are proposed. We show that melting processes result in a reduction of the maximum heating temperature and in an insignificant variation of the radius of most heated particles.     

基于分子运动对流换热和热辐射下煤粉颗粒群粒子的加热分析

本文建立了在烟气对流加热和辐射状态下的煤粉颗粒群加热模型,通过数值模拟,模拟研究了不同锅炉炉膛尺寸下不同煤粉粒子粒径的煤粉群粒子加热时间以及粒子温升的关系,对对流换热和辐射换热在着火热源中所占比重进行了分析,模型很好的模拟了粒子的升温,能够较好的反映出煤粉粒子加热升温机理,为煤粉射流微元加热及着火提供了计算方法。     

Effect of an adsorbed molecular layer on the ellipsometric parameters of a Si(111) surface

The results of an ellipsometry study into the polarization state of the light reflected from solid surfaces heated under vacuum conditions are presented. It has been established that heating up to the same temperatures leads to various changes in the ellipsometric parameters. Their values depend on the heating temperature and duration, the sample exposure time at room temperature in high vacuum after annealing, and the priority of annealing at a given temperature.     

重庆火锅锅底油脂有害物质的现状

在现况调查的基础上,随机抽样采集重庆市8家麻辣火锅和8家鱼火锅锅底油样品,在不同加热时间（0、60、120min）和加热温度（100、120、150℃）条件下,分别采用滴定法、紫外分光光度法、气相色谱法测定其酸价、羰基价、反式油酸含量.结果显示随着加热时间的延长和加热温度的升高,酸价和反式油酸含量逐渐升高（P＜0.05）,羰基价无明显变化（P＞0.05）.在相同的加热时间和加热温度下,麻辣火锅锅底油的酸价和反式油酸含量明显高于鱼火锅（P＜0.05）,羰基价无明显变化（P＞0.05）.表明重庆火锅锅底油对人们的身体健康存在潜在危害.     

新型生物医药实验用低温冷冻干燥机的研制

本课题设计的低温冷冻干燥机以液氮为低温冷源,通过电加热器加热液氮使之汽化,通过控制气体的压力,压出液氮。液氮被压出后流入硅油池的换热器同硅油进行充分换热。在硅油池底部布置一个电加热盘,通过调节加热量,精确控制硅油温度。特制的不锈钢搁板浸入硅油池中进行硅油浴,能够实现良好的传热。测控制系统由上位PC机与下位可编程控制器和数据采集模块共同组成,在PC机上可设置控制参数并进行监控,温度曲线可程序控制,数据采集模块能够自动采集、存储、上传各项数据,数据可以在PC机上处理。     

Crystallization and thermal fatigue of ZrTiCuNiBe bulk amorphous alloys heated by laser pulses

The crystallization and thermal fatigue behavior of Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk amorphous alloys heated by laser pulses was investigated. The results showed that crystallization occurred even below the crystallization temperature Tx in a low cycle time. Cracks appearred before or after crystallization of the heated area in the sample. The crystallization degree increased with the heating temperature and cycles. An increase in the fatigue cracks number was also observed. The plastic deformation in the heat...     

石油焦渣油浆燃烧特性的试验研究

石油焦渣油浆是为电站燃油锅炉开发的一种新型代用燃料,本文对南京金陵石化所提供的渣油和石油焦所制成石油焦渣油浆的燃烧特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,浓度为４０％的石油焦渣油浆可以成功地进行制备、加热、输送和燃烧,并具有较高的燃烧效率;石油焦渣油浆的浓度、油焦浆的加热温度、负荷和氧量对其燃烧效率有很大影响。     

Isochoric heating of solid-density matter with an ultrafast proton beam

A new technique is described for the isochoric heating (i.e., heating at constant volume) of matter to high energy-density plasma states (>10(5) J/g) on a picosecond time scale (10(-12)sec). An intense, collimated, ultrashort-pulse beam of protons--generated by a high-intensity laser pulse--is used to isochorically heat a solid density material to a temperature of several eV. The duration of heating is shorter than the time scale for significant hydrodynamic expansion to occur; hence the material is heated to a solid density warm dense plasma state. Using spherically shaped laser targets, a focused proton beam is produced and used to heat a smaller volume to over 20 eV. The technique described of ultrafast proton heating provides a unique method for creating isochorically heated high-energy density plasma states.     

Comportement thermique d'un matériau de référence poreux soumis à des atmosphères de chauffe différentes

This study presents an analysis of the temperature evolution in a porous sample. Various situations have been examined: the porous solid is initially dry or water saturated, and the heating fluid is dry air or steam. This analysis showed experimentally the optimal phases of using steam to heat a material. Moreover, as humidity in the solid considerably modifies the heating kinetics, the study has also been carried out on a non-porous solid. The treatment of the temperature curves under an adimensionnal form shows a singular behaviour of those temperatures following the heating fluid nature and its temperature. Equations giving temperature versus time have been proposed. They are based on the definition of a time lag and a time constant, both being defined as a function of the single fluid temperature parameter. Finally, in the particular case of the non-porous solid heated by dry air, with additional approximations, it has been possible to check that the experimental time constant is very close to a fundamental time constant.     

A multi-gate time-of-flight technique for estimation of temperature distribution in heated tissue: theory and computer simulation

Non-invasive determination of temperature distribution in biological media is important in many heating-related studies, such as thermal treatment. In this paper, we present an in vitro ultrasound technique for estimation of temperature distribution in heated tissue. Our technique consists of two major steps: (1) using multiple time gates to track echo signals scattered from tissue regions at different depths; (2) estimating temperature distribution based on heating-induced changes of arrival times of echo signals scattered from the targeted tissue regions. We use the conventional cross-correlation approach to track echoes. For temperature estimation, we have developed an iterative method that takes into account the influences of thermal expansion and heating-induced change in the speed of sound on the time of flight. We have introduced a concept of thermal sensitivity of the time of flight and used it to derive a theoretical formula that relates the achievable accuracy on the estimation of tissue temperature to seven parameters. The seven parameters are tissue thermal sensitivity of the time of flight, signal-to-noise ratio, bandwidth and center frequency of the signal, degree of signal decorrelation induced by changes in tissue physical properties during tissue heating, and widths and spacing of the time gates. We tested our technique by computer simulation, using a random discrete scatterer model and temperature distribution data acquired in our laser heating experiments on prostate tissue of live dog. Simulation results showed that our technique could accurately estimate the temperature distribution in the heated tissue. Our technique is fast in terms of computation and could be used as a research tool for in vitro real-time monitoring of temperature distribution in tissue under hyperthermal heating.