湍流边界层拟序结构的实验研究

20世纪60年代后, 先后从流动显示发现了快慢斑、猝发、上升流、下扫流和多种涡结构等湍流边界层的拟序结构. 它们对湍流边界层的摩阻、传热传质和湍动能的产生等特性有重要影响. 涡结构是上述拟序结构的核心, 它影响其它拟序结构的发展和演变. 发卡涡通常被认为是基本涡结构. 发卡涡等涡结构的再生, 是湍流边界层拟序结构能够自持续的必要的因素.壁面低速流上升产生猝发, 是湍流边界层湍能的主要来源; 条件采样是测量猝发频率和其它拟序结构出现频率的重要手段. 流动显示对湍流边界层拟序结构作了大量定性观察, 有许多减阻和增加传热率等应用性研究在此基础上发展起来. 80年代后, 出现了测量湍流边界层的瞬时流速矢量场的多热线法和PIV技术, 三维PIV技术可望将来为湍流边界层的实验研究带来重大进展. 本文评述了流动显示法、多热线法和PIV技术的优点和不足之处, 以及它们在对湍流边界层拟序结构的研究中的贡献.      

振荡流底层拟序结构及其与泥沙相互作用研究

湍流拟序结构与泥沙及床面相互作用的机理, 是目前国内外泥沙学术界研究的热点领域. 本文针对单向流和振荡流底边界层的湍流拟序结构与泥沙相互作用研究状况进行了综述, 重点论述了振荡流底边界层湍流研究的概况与今后需要开展的重点研究内容.      

自由剪切湍流中颗粒-拟序结构相互作用研究进展

从实验和数值模拟两方面评述了颗粒-湍流拟序结构相互作用的近期研究进展.关于Stokes数不同对颗粒行为和拟序结构影响的试验研究,从单点激光多普勒测量到粒子图像全场测速,并与流场显示定性方法结合,揭示了不同Stokes数范围颗粒-拟序结构相互作用的规律.基于涡方法、直接数值模拟和大涡模拟等的模拟研究,进一步揭示颗粒-拟序结构的相互耦合作用和外界激励的调制作用等规律,同时推动了算法的发展.      

基于聚类连通法的湍流拟序结构研究进展

湍流的无序性要求对拟序结构的研究必须从统计的角度出发, 而聚类连通法 (clustering method) 则是实现拟序结构与统计方法深度融合的有力工具. 该方法是一种基于数据的流动特征提取方法, 它将每个连通域, 即单个拟序结构作为一个统计样本. 此外, 其衍生的基于连通域空间重叠的时空追踪方法可以进一步研究这些结构的时空演化, 该方法将每个拟序结构从生成到消亡的演化过程也视为统计样本, 从而实现了对拟序结构运动学特征和动力学过程的统计刻画. 本文回顾了聚类连通法的发展历程并着重介绍了人们采用该方法在雷诺切应力结构、速度条带和能量级串方面取得的重大进展, 这些结果表明该方法极大拓展了人们基于传统的逐点统计方法对湍流的认识, 因而具有很大的潜力. 最后, 对该方法在湍流中的应用给出了建议和展望.      

入口速度比对射流拟序结构的影响

为了深入了解湍流流动机理以及湍流拟序结构发现过程的影响因素，本文采用大涡模拟方法对不同入口射流伴流速度比的平面湍射流流动进行了数值模拟。采用分步投影法求解动量方程，亚格子项采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟，压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解，空间方程采用二阶精度的差分格式，在时间方向上采用二阶精度的显式差分格式。模拟结果给出了平面射流中湍流拟序结构的瞬态发展演变过程，分析了入口速度比对射流拟序结构发展演化过程及宏观流场形态的影响。为进一步研究射流拟序结构及其在湍流流动中的作用提供了基础。     

大气非线性与湍流过程中动力学复杂性的研究与进展

通过实验数学方法、元胞自动机模型（并行算法与实际过程的模拟）、大型转盘模拟实验以及计算机数值模拟（用串行算法模拟时间演化的长期行为）来研究大气系统非线性过程与湍流过程中出现的混沌随时间演化的宏观特性、气溶胶粒子凝聚增长机制,湍流的拟序结构,系统状态在临界点的突变和多重平衡态以及台风的孤立子拓扑性质,促进学科新概念新方法的相互交叉与渗透,从分析、综合上升到整体研究（ＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｖｅＳｔｕｄｙ）,在非线性动力学层次上认识大气系统复杂性的本质,这些都是大气科学领域中当前迅速发展的前沿课题,具有重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。      

实验研究具有周向抽吸轴对称射流的拟序结构

基于实验研究具有周向抽吸轴对称射流拟序结构的动力学行为,定义了临界出口主速度以及超临界工况（低速工况）和亚临界工况。提出了超临界工况下,拟序结构的空间演化特征。基于功率谱确定了超、亚临界工况流动系统发生自激励振荡的速度比范围。     

结构动力学有限元模型修正的目标函数及算法

结构动力学有限元模型修正是结构动力学领域的一个热点问题,回顾了结构动力学有限元模型修正研究的发展历史和现状,简要评述了结构动力学有限元模型修正所使用的设计变量,着重阐述了各种结构动力学有限元模型修正方法中所使用的目标函数及修正算法,讨论了工程结构动力学有限元模型修正的一些策略,最后对结构动力学有限元模型修正技术的发展进行了总结和展望.     

湍流研究的现状和进展

本文对一百多年来湍流研究的进展作了简要回顾,并着重评述了湍流模式理论、切变湍流的相干结构和湍流数值模拟的最新成就,对湍流研究的发展提出了一些建议和设想.     

关于湍流中术语Coherent Structure的中文译法

<正> 中文术语“拟序结构”来源于湍流研究中的英文术语“coherent structure”。 70年代初,对剪切层和自由射流的实验观察发现,这些湍流流动中存在着大尺度的涡旋结构。当初他们称之为大尺度“序的(ordered)”或“有组织的(organized)”结构,它对剪切流如混合层,边界层、射流和尾流的早期发展起着决定性的作用。1974年3月26—29日在英国Southampton召开的专题讨论会上,不少学者称之为“coherent      

Multi-scale coherent structures in turbulent boundary layer detected by locally averaged velocity structure functions

Introduction Inearlyperiodofstudyofturbulentflow,itwasdeemedrandomanddisorderedmotionsof fluidparticles,sothecharacteristicsofturbulencewerestudiedbystatisticsaveragemethod. Kolmogorov[1]analyzedtherelativemotionoffluidparticlesinfullydeveloped(Reynolds numbertrendstoinfinity)isotropicandhomogeneousturbulentflow,onbasisofrandomfield theory,andpresentedtheconceptofstructurefunctions,whichdescribedtherelativevelocityof twofluidparticlesindistanceofl,toresearchthelawbetweenthemulti_orderstatistic…     

Modeling of Langmuir Circulation: Triple Decomposition of the Craik–Leibovich Model

Turbulent shear flows on shallow continental shelves (here shallow means that the interaction with the solid, no-slip bottom is important) are of great importance because of their role in vertical mixing as well as on the transport of sediment and bioactive material. The presence of a wavefield in these areas can lead to the appearance of Langmuir circulation which is known to strongly affect the dynamics of a turbulent flow. To investigate those dynamical effects within a RANS-type modeling framework, we apply a triple decompostion to the LES results of Langmuir circulation in order to further isolate the coherent structures from fluctuating velocity field. The results are compared to the classical double-decomposition. In contrast to the double-decomposition framework, the triple-decompostion more effectively educes the coherent structure field and quantifies the need to take into account the energy exchange between the coherent and random fluctuations as well as the overall impact of the coherent structures on the turbulence dynamics.     

壁湍流相干结构和减阻控制机理

剪切湍流中相干结构的发现是上世纪湍流研究的重大进展之一,这些大尺度的相干运动在湍流的动力学过程中起重要作用,也为湍流的控制指出了新的方向.壁湍流高摩擦阻力的产生与近壁区流动结构密切相关,基于近壁区湍流动力学过程的减阻控制方案可以有效降低湍流的摩擦阻力,但是随着雷诺数的升高, 这些控制方案的有效性逐渐降低.近年来研究发现, 在高雷诺数情况下外区存在大尺度的相干运动,这种大尺度运动对近壁区湍流和壁面摩擦阻力的产生有重要影响,为高雷诺数湍流减阻控制策略的设计提出了新的挑战.该文将对壁湍流相干结构的研究历史加以简单的回顾,重点介绍近壁区相干结构及其控制机理、近年来高雷诺数外区大尺度运动的研究进展,在此基础上提出高雷诺数减阻控制研究的关键科学问题.      

Characterization of near-bed coherent structures in turbulent open channel flow using synchronized high-speed video and hot-film measurements

High-speed video recordings (500 Hz) of flow visualizations in the near wall region of a turbulent open channel flow were synchronized with hot-film measurements of flow velocity and bed shear stress. Analysis of the video images provided information about the main characteristics of coherent flow structures associated with the occurrence of low-speed streak ejections near the bed. These structures consisted mainly of oscillating shear layers that were converted in the downstream direction and lifted away from the bed. A visual detection criterion was developed to obtain ensemble averaged profiles of the velocity and shear stress data during ejection events, allowing for the characterization of the associated flow field during the occurrence of coherent structures. Conditional averaging suggests that the occurrence of such coherent patterns affects mainly the turbulence structure in the wall region, and that the observed events reveal a plausible mechanism by which energy is extracted from the mean flow by large scale turbulent fluctuations, and then further transferred towards smaller eddies, while the structures lose their coherence. The intermittent nature of production and dissipation of turbulent energy becomes noticeable, taking place about 21% of the time. The results obtained also provide evidence that seems to link the structures responsible for the turbulent vertical transport of momentum, and for the maintenance of the turbulent state, with the mechanism that triggers the entrainment of sediment into suspension. Comparison of present results with other experiments conducted in different types of flows strongly confirms a universal structure of coherent events in wall bounded flows.The support of the Fluid, Hydraulic, and Paniculate System Program of the National Science Foundation (Grant CTS-9210211) and the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society (Grant PRF 24328-G2) is gratefully acknowledged.     

Further characterization of large-scale coherent structure signatures in a turbulent-plane mixing layer

In order to complement a previous collaborative testing of eddy structure identification methods in free turbulent shear flows, a study about the influence of the transverse location of these large-scale vortical structures on their signatures for the same referenced data base is carried out. Using vorticity-based conditional sampling, events which are located on the same transverse locations are selected and averaged. Results show that a coherent structure has its proper identity contained in its core and keeps it whatever its trajectory. In this way, only its signature in comparison with the surrounding environment changes. The comparison with vorticity-based conditional sampling without this transverse selection brings to the fore a bias on the signature of coherent structures. This result throws back into question previous conclusions about the morphology of structures and related energy transfer scenarios. Received: 24 July 2000 / Accepted: 25 June 2001 Published online: 29 November 2001     

Dynamics of large turbulent structures in a steady breaker

The flow near the leading edge of a steady breaker has been studied experimentally using Bubble Image Velocimetry (BIV) with the aim of characterizing the dynamics of the large eddies responsible for air entrainment. It is well reported in the literature, and confirmed by our measurements of the instantaneous velocity field, that this flow shares some important features with the turbulent shear-layer formed between two parallel semi-infinite streams with different velocities. Namely, the formation of a periodic array of coherent vortices, the constant convective velocity of those vortices, the linear relation between their size and their downstream position and the self-similar structure of both mean velocity profiles and Reynolds shear stresses. Nonetheless, important differences exists between the dynamics of the large eddies in a steady breaker and those in a free shear-layer. Particularly, the convective velocity of these large structures is slower in a steady breaker and, consistent with this, their growth rates are larger. A physical interpretation of these differences is provided together with a discussion of their implications. To support our measurements and conclusions, we present a careful analysis of the accuracy of the BIV technique in turbulent flows with large bubbles.     

湍流的相干结构:推演方法和结果

本文讨论壁面湍流发展的相干结构的观点.在简要的历史文献综述后,我们回顾一些基本观点, 并且介绍相干结构的思想.基于大量主要是由实验所得的结果,本文通过广泛运用的事件检 测技术,探讨湍流边界层内部和外部区域发生的现象.我们从边界层内部区域发生的现象、 边界层外部大尺度运动的发展和涡结构动力学的角度来描述流动的现象.在文章的 第2部分,介绍从背景流动中推演出湍流相干结构的各种方法以及在各种方法框架下所得到的结果, 讨论速度梯度张量不变量、压力的Hessian矩阵分析和本征正交分解等方法.每一个过程 都有``相干结构'的特定的定义,满足恰当的数学构架,并可以对湍流数据做相干结构动力 学分析.这一工作可能会对当前流体动力学家在湍流研究中用到的最新理论和技术的传播有 所贡献.     

Turbulence in a three‐dimensional wall‐bounded shear flow

A new turbulent flow with distinct three‐dimensional characteristics has been designed in order to study the impact of mean‐flow skewing on the turbulent coherent vortices and Reynolds‐averaged statistics. The skewing of a unidirectional plane Couette flow was achieved by means of a spanwise pressure gradient. Direct numerical simulations of the statistically steady Couette–Poiseuille flow enabled in‐depth explorations of the turbulence field in the skewed flow. The imposition of a modest spanwise gradient turned the mean flow about 8° away from the original Couette flow direction and this turning angle remained nearly the same over the entire cross section. Nevertheless, a substantial non‐alignment between the turbulent shear stress angle and the mean velocity gradient angle was observed. The structure parameter turned out to slightly exceed that in the pure Couette flow, contrary to the observations made in some other three‐dimensional shear flows. Coherent flow structures, which are known to be associated with the Reynolds shear stress in near‐wall regions, were identified by the λ₂‐criterion. Instantaneous and ensemble‐averaged vortices resembled those found in the unidirectional Couette flow. In the skewed flow, however, the vortex structures were turned to align with the local mean‐flow direction. The conventional symmetry between Case 1 and Case 2 vortices was broken due to the mean‐flow three‐dimensionality. The turning of the coherent vortices and the accompanying symmetry‐breaking gave rise to secondary and tertiary turbulent shear stress components. By averaging the already ensemble‐averaged shear stresses associated with Case 1 and Case 2 vortices in the homogeneous directions, a direct link between the educed near‐wall structures and the Reynolds‐averaged turbulent stresses was established. These observations provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the structural model proposed for two‐dimensional turbulent boundary layers remains valid also in flows with moderate mean three‐dimensionality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Large eddy simulation of flows after a bluff body: Coherent structures and mixing properties

This paper performs large eddy simulations (LES) to investigate coherent structures in the flows after the Sydney bluff-body burner, a circular bluff body with an orifice at its center. The simulations are validated by comparison to existing experimental data. The Q function method is used to visualize the instantaneous vortex structures. Three kinds of structures are found, a cylindrical shell structure in the outer shear layer, a ring structure and some hairpin-like structures in the inner shear layer. An eduction scheme is employed to investigate the coherent structures in this flow. Some large streaks constituted by counter-rotating vortices are found in the outer shear layer and some well-organized strong structures are found in the inner shear layer. Finally, the influences of coherent structures on scalar mixing are studied and it is shown that scalar in the recirculation region is transported outward by coherent structures.     

Role of Buoyancy on Instabilities and Structure of Transitional Gas Jet Diffusion Flames

Transitional jet diffusion flames provide the link between dynamics of laminar and turbulent flames. In this study, instabilities and their interaction with the flow structure are explored in a transitional jet diffusion flame, with focus on isolating buoyancy effects. Experiments are conducted in hydrogen flames with fuel jet Reynolds number of up to 2,200 and average jet velocity of up to 54 m/s. Since the fuel jet is laminar at the injector exit, the transition from laminar to turbulent flame occurs by the hydrodynamic instabilities in the shear layer of fuel jet. The instabilities and the flow structures are visualized and quantified by the rainbow schlieren deflectometry technique coupled with a high-speed imaging system. The schlieren images acquired at 2,000 frames per second allowed exposure time of 23 μs with spatial resolution of 0.4 mm. Results identify a hitherto unknown secondary instability in the flame surface, provide explanation for the observed intermittency in the breakpoint length, show coherent vortical structures downstream of the flame breakpoint, and illustrate gradual breakdown of coherent structures into small-scale random structures in the far field turbulent region.