以微粒观促进学生对化学知识的深入理解——以“弱电解质的电离”教学为例

"微粒观"是化学学科的基本观念之一,具有微粒观能促进学生对化学知识深入系统地理解。在中学化学教学中,微粒观是从不同阶段、不同维度、不同水平进行建构的。"弱电解质的电离"教学设计基于学生"微粒观"的建构,以促进学生对"弱电解质的电离"的深层理解。分析了学生对"微粒观"的理解和认识基础,设计了"弱电解质的电离"的关键教学活动。     

利用游戏化教学促进“微粒观”建构*——以“原子的结构”第一课时为例

分析了初中化学微粒观的教学内容和“原子的结构”的相关教学设计,针对学生“微粒观”建构存在的难题,提出利用反馈机制,采用“寓教于乐”的游戏化教学设计,并进行实践效果访谈。不仅完成了本课时的教学目标,也让学生对化学的兴趣更加浓厚。     

“化学式”意义构建教学设计

化学式是很重要的化学用语,也是初中化学的一个重难点。本文对“化学式”的学习现状进行了分析,根据意义建构的理论,从概念的构建入手,分析了“化学式”的建构条件,并进行了教学设计和教学实践,获得了理想的教学效果。     

微粒观在化学教学中的巧妙运用——以“应用广泛的酸、碱、盐”教学难点突破为例

以"应用广泛的酸、碱、盐"教学为例,从微观层面利用微粒观,帮助学生突破学习的难点,运用微粒观建构概念,理解化学反应的本质,把握物质的通性,合理运用。     

运用微粒观开发复分解反应教学价值的实践与研究

在酸、碱、盐教学中以复分解反应条件教学为例, 应用“微粒观”统领酸、碱、盐教学。基于“微粒观”构建了本节课的知识结构层级图, 剖析了学生的认识发展过程, 通过教学实践总结、归纳了若干教学策略, 从而突破学生学习难点, 提高学生的迁移和应用能力, 并为高中进一步学习离子反应做好铺垫。     

初中化学“分子和原子”的教学逻辑——基于2011-2018年的文献分析

以2011-2018年19篇有关初中化学“分子和原子”的教学研究文献为研究对象,基于教学观念与策略分析归纳出2种主要的教学逻辑:“证据推理型”和“模型认知型”。从“初步建立微粒观”“发展微粒观”“初步形成微粒观”等3个维度对2种教学逻辑进行归纳和评析,结合教学实践提出了一个新的“模型认知型”的教学逻辑。     

“初中化学目标教学”研究与思考

初中化学是九年制义务教育的必修课程,是现代公民素质教育的基础内容之一。如何使所有智力正常的学生在符合教育教学规律的前提下完成教学大纲规定的教学目的与任务,是摆在中学化学教育与教研工作面前的一项重大课题。自1986年秋季开始,我们借鉴美国教育心理学家B·S·布卢姆的“教育目标分类”理论（认知领域）与“掌握学习”策略,结合我国国情,进行了以“初中化学目标教学”为题、以“探索大面积提高初中化学教学质量的规律、途径和方法”为目的的课题研究。     

促进化学微粒观建构的信息化教学工具研究

阐释了基于信息化微粒观教学工具的定义、化学微粒各种维度的信息化表现方式及其在教学中的应用。研究表明,在帮助初中学生建立微粒观的过程中,必须依靠学生的生活体验,从化学实验入手,依据微粒存在的不同维度,利用信息工具进行系统的教学设计,方能取得良好的教学效果。     

化学学科观念建构是单元教学的核心——“物质的分类”单元教学的思考

物质的分类是高一学生学习化学的一个重要内容,其中贯穿着分类方法。如何根据这部分知识内容的特点和学生的学习实际,引导学生从化学的视角对物质进行分类,促进学生化学学科基本观念如元素观、分类观、转化观等的初步形成,这无疑是极为重要的。本文从“物质的分类”单元教学的角度出发,分析了本单元内容的教学价值,从化学学科本质的角度阐述了对“物质分类”的理解,在此基础上提出了基于学科观念建构的单元教学策略。     

基于微粒观指导的“盐溶液性质”高三复习教学

围绕对盐溶液性质的认识,通过实验探究、小组合作学习,建立用微粒观认识物质性质的思维方法,将分散在元素化合物、电解质溶液等部分的盐溶液性质进行整合,建立盐溶液性质与化学平衡移动原理、氧化还原原理、络合反应原理和电化学反应原理的联系。在完善核心知识立体构建的同时,聚焦微粒观的指导作用,基于盐溶液中微粒存在、盐溶液中微粒与外加试剂微粒间的相互作用认识盐溶液性质,达到用微观、动态、平衡的视角进行较高水平思维的目的。阐述基于微粒观指导下盐溶液性质认识的教学实践研究。     

ICP-AES测定铀污染土壤植物中铀的研究

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)对铀污染土壤植物中铀的测定方法进行了研究.在λU385.958 nm处,选择了仪器的最佳工作条件,考察了酸度和常见共存元素对测定的干扰情况,并且对比了干灰化消解和湿式消解对测定的影响.研究发现2%硝酸溶液为最佳介质,干扰离子对测定没有显著影响,干灰化消解比湿式消解得彻底.在选定条件下,方法检出限为0.18 mg·L-1,测定下限为0.61 mg·L-1,5.0000 mg·L-1的铀标准溶液的相对标准偏差RSD(n=10)为0.81%,方法回收率为96.2%～106.2%.该方法操作简单,快速.结果表明,用ICP-AES测定铀污染土壤植物样品中的铀是可行的.     

测定血清中Na 含量不确定度的评定

对血清中Na离子含量的测量不确定度进行评定。不确定度的来源主要包括Na离子标准工作液的配制过程、血清样品的定容消化制备、标准曲线拟合、钠离子各分量不确定度的合成等引入的不确定度计算出各分量的不确定度,通过合成得到测量结果的合成不确定度、扩展不确定度及测试结果的报告形式。     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

茶叶中高氯酸盐检测方法研究进展

茶叶中新型污染物高氯酸盐在近年来受到越来越多的关注,相应的检测技术也在不断加强.参考国内外文献,综述了茶叶中高氯酸盐的检测方法.目前,茶叶中高氯酸盐的检测方法主要有离子色谱法（IC）、离子色谱-质谱法（IC-MS）和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS-MS）.比较了不同检测方法的局限性和优越性,重点比较了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法不同前处理方法、净化小柱和检测条件的优劣,对茶叶高氯酸盐检测技术的发展和研究进行了展望,为检测茶叶中高氯酸盐的新材料研发和检测新标准的建立提供理论依据.     

Assessment of performance of laboratories in determining acrylamide in crispbread

A proficiency testing round was undertaken to assess the performance of laboratories to measure acrylamide in a sample of crispbread. Retail samples of crispbread were ground to a fine powder and after thorough mixing were packed in 40 g units for distribution. Ten samples were selected at random and analyzed in duplicate for acrylamide by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Standard statistical tests showed that the material was homogeneous for the purposes of proficiency testing. Test samples were distributed to 55 laboratories in 16 countries in Europe, North America, Australia, and the Middle East. The results were analyzed by standard proficiency testing statistical procedures, and laboratories were awarded z-scores on the basis of their reported results. Based on a target standard deviation (sigmap value) taken from the Horwitz equation, for a robust mean value of 1.2 mg/kg acrylamide, satisfactory results (z-score within +/- 2 for those between 0.8 and 1.6 mg/kg) were obtained by 86% of the 37 laboratories that returned results. Only 1 laboratory was unsatisfactory and 4 had questionable results. About equal numbers of laboratories used gas chromatography (GC)/MS and LC/MS procedures with about 25% using MS/MS and one using GC with electron capture detection. There was no evident trend in performance or bias in results. GC/MS and LC/MS data were evenly distributed across the population of laboratories reporting results.     

超临界流体萃取技术在提取中药挥发油中的应用

用超监介CO2流体萃取技术对多种中药挥发油的提取进行了综述,并将其与传统的水蒸馏法进行比较。结果表明,用超临界流体法不仅挥发油的收率高,而且提取时间也大大缩短。     

Effect of vibration in processes of structure formation in polymers

It was shown that the strength characteristics of the samples produced from thermoplastics (low density polyethylene, polyamide 6, Armamid, and polyethylene terephthalate) increase as a result of short vibration treating with a frequency close to that of natural vibrations of the structural elements.     

Use of matrix-modifiers in atomic-absorption determination of chromium in argillites

The direct atomic-absorption determination of chromium in argillites, without preliminary concentration and separation, has been studied. A map of selective flame zones for determining Cr in argillites has been designed. An express method for determining Cr in Estonian argillites has been suggested.