Heat and mass transfer at the ignition of a liquid substance by a single “Hot” particle

The results of a numerical solution to the problem of heat and mass transfer at the ignition of a liquid flammable substance by a single particle heated to a high temperature located on its surface are presented. The problem is solved within the framework of a gas phase model of ignition. A mathematical model is formulated. It describes the following processes in a two-dimensional statement: the heat conduction and evaporation of a flammable liquid and the diffusion and convection of the combustible vapors in the oxidizer medium in the system “particle heated to a high temperature-liquid flammable substance-air.” The numerical investigations established the relation between the ignition delay time, the particle temperature and sizes, and the particle minimum temperature and sizes at which ignition of a combustible liquid is possible.     

On the Hydrothermodynamics of the Icing of a Wing Profile in the Air-Crystalline Flow

An experimental and theoretical complex was created to study the physical processes accompanying the interaction of the air flow carrying ice crystals with the heated surface of the streamlined body. An effective coefficient of phase transformations (evaporation and transition—through melting and solidifying in a liquid film—into barrier ice) of the mass of crystals bombarding a dry or moistened heated surface taking into account their partial entrainment with flowing air has been found. The physical and mathematical model of hydrothermodynamics of a liquid film is developed, the numerical data for the thickness, velocity, and temperature, complementing the results of the experiment, are obtained.     

3D problem of heat and mass transfer at the ignition of a combustible liquid by a heated metal particle

A nonlinear nonstationary 3D problem of heat and mass transfer at gas phase ignition of a combustible liquid spread on the surface of a solid body by a metal particle heated to a high temperature is solved. This is done within the framework of a model taking into account the heat conduction and evaporation of the liquid, the diffusion and convection of the combustible vapors in the oxidizer medium, the crystallization of the ignition source, the kinetics of the processes of evaporation and ignition of liquids, the dependence of the thermophysical characteristics of the interacting substances on the temperature, and the moisture content of the oxidizer—air. The dependences of the ignition delay time of the liquid on the temperature and sizes of the heating source are established. Limiting values of the temperature and particle sizes at which the ignition conditions take place are determined. The influence of the air humidity on the inertia of the process being investigated is analyzed. A comparison of numerical values of typical parameters of the process under investigation for 2D and 3D models is performed.     

ENHANCED POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER WITH SURFACE ATTACHMENT

Abstract

A pool boiling experiment with either water or Freon-113 was conducted to investigate nucleate boiling from a heated wall with either a spherical or a cylindrical attachment. The result revealed that nucleate boiling can be enhanced by applying a horizontal cylindrical attachment to a vertical heated wall, owing to the favorable thermal environment characterized by a small-gradient liquid temperature profile within the restricted regions between the attachment and the heated wait. Nucleate boiling is enhanced in terms of a lower wall superheat required for incipient boiling and more bubbles generated than from an open heated wall. As a result of the enhanced nucleate boiling, heal transfer of the vertical heated wall above the attachment was improved due to excessive bubbles moving upward along the heated wall, causing removal of the thermal layer near the wall and evaporation of the thin liquid film between the bubbles and the wall. The boiling curve hysteresis with Freon-113 was significantly reduced as a result. The effects of diameter, length and surface roughness of the cylindrical attachment were also investigated.     

Experimental investigation of adiabatic evaporation waves in superheated refrigerants

Propagation of adiabatic evaporation waves arising while refrigerants R-11 rapidly transit to metastable state due to depressurization in the rarefaction wave is experimentally investigated. New regularities of the interphase surface dynamics and the influence of interphase heat and mass transfer in propagation of adiabatic evaporation waves are obtained. It has been found that the phase transition in metastable liquid occurs in the conditions of developing multiscale turbulence in liquid and vapor phases under dynamic action of a vapor flow on the interphase surface and convective heat supply to the zone of high-intensity phase transition. The surface phase transition was visualized by a rapid video camera, its pulsating character is revealed and its properties are determined.     

Boiling crisis in droplets of ethanol water solution on the heating surface

Evaporation of droplets of ethanol water solution on a heated surface is studied experimentally at high heat fluxes. The behavior of water-alcohol mixtures was examined under the conditions of heat transfer crisis. Direct measurement of the current mass of evaporating droplets allows us to study the behavior of liquid batches in significantly nonstationary processes. An insignificant alcohol admixture to water increases significantly the transitional area of the crisis. The maximal length of transitional area corresponds to a mass concentration of alcohol of about 30%. For this concentration the heat transfer coefficient of the water-alcohol solution is maximal. It is shown that addition of highly volatile liquids to water allows efficient control of evaporation rate, which can be used for engineering processes.     

局部沸腾液滴内部气泡动态行为研究

本文采用微加热器对液滴进行局部加热,并对其蒸发沸腾现象进行了可视化研究。液滴局部加热后产生局部沸腾现象,内部生成单气泡,气泡附着在加热基板上,持续生长,当达到某个临界点气泡破裂。在加热初期,气泡生长速度很快,随着加热过程的不断进行,气泡的生长速度逐渐放缓;随着气泡生长顺序的不断推迟,最大直径减小;加热功率的提升会增加气泡的生长速度,缩短气泡的生长时间。通过对气泡破裂过程的研究,气泡破碎过程开始于气泡上方的液膜断裂,形成不稳定的瑞利流和向上喷射的液滴,在表面张力的作用下,恢复初始状态,气泡破裂直径大小会影响液滴的波动幅度与周期。     

Transient thermal analysis of a cryogenic oxidizer tank in the liquid rocket propulsion system during the prelaunch helium gas pressurization

The transient thermal behavior in the cryogenic oxidizer tank for the liquid propulsion system of the KSLV-I satellite launching space vehicle is theoretically investigated for the pressurization process by gaseous helium injection followed by the readiness check stage. The numerical model is established using the transient mass and energy conservation of oxygen/helium mixtures both in ullage and liquid regions. At the liquid-gas interface, various modes of heat and mass transfer are considered, including the liquid evaporation and the helium absorption. The present study focuses on the effects of the increasing pressurization level on some of important properties that should be considered in the propulsion system design, such as tank pressure, ullage gas temperature, and evaporation of liquid oxygen. Particularly, the tank pressure drop after the pressurization is investigated in the proposed design of propulsion system. Also, the effect of the initial loading of liquid oxygen in the oxidizer tank is studied and discussed. As for the helium absorption into the liquid region, its mass is negligibly small and it should not be the concern in design and operation of the oxidizer tank system.     

Evolution of primordial black holes in a radiation and phantom energy environment

In this work we extend previous work on the evolution of a primordial black hole (PBH) to address the presence of a dark energy component with a super-negative equation of state as a background, investigating the competition between the radiation accretion, the Hawking evaporation and the phantom accretion, the latter two causing a decrease on black hole mass. It is found that there is an instant during the matter-dominated era after which the radiation accretion becomes negligible compared to the phantom accretion. The Hawking evaporation may become important again depending on a mass threshold. The evaporation of PBHs is quite modified at late times by these effects, but only if the generalized second law of thermodynamics is violated.     

考虑液面凹陷时金属熔化与蒸发的数值研究

将关于液面凹陷的Young-Laplace方程与关于金属溶池的流体力学方程组及关于金属蒸发的ＢＧＫ方程联立求解，在给定的电子枪加热条件下，获得了熔池流场和温度场图像及金属蒸气密度、速度和温度分布.数值计算结果表明，随电子枪功率增加，金属的蒸发速率增加，蒸气的密度增大、温度降低而速度升高.与假设液面为平面的情况相比，考虑液面凹陷后求得的液面温度较低，金属的蒸发速率较小，并且这种差别随电子枪功率的增加而扩大.因此对于高功率电子枪加热金属蒸发，必须考虑液面凹陷的影响才能得到符合实际的结果. 关键词： 液面凹陷 Young-Laplace方程 熔池 金属蒸发     

Temperature and fiber optic spectroscopy composition measurements of heated propanol–acetone droplets

Time-dependent temperatures and compositions within individual fiber-supported droplets initially from about 2–3 mm in diameter were investigated. In the experiments, droplets were composed of mixtures of 1-propanol and acetone. The droplets evaporated in room air, where the air was heated by placing an electrically heated coil underneath the droplets. The experiments employed thin optical fibers to carry light from a UV–vis light source into and out of a droplet. The time-dependent UV absorption spectrum of the liquid between the fiber ends was measured using a spectrometer coupled to one of the fibers. This spectrum yielded real-time information on the composition of the liquid. Droplet temperatures were simultaneously measured using a thermocouple that was immersed into the liquid. Results demonstrate that droplet evaporation follows a multi-stage process and that acetone is preferentially gasified from a droplet.     

Simulation of the ignition of a liquid fuel with a hot particle

A two-dimensional gas-phase model of ignition of a flammable liquid by a single particle heated to a high temperature with consideration given to heat conduction, evaporation, diffusion, and convection of fuel vapor in an oxidizer medium was developed. Numerical simulations made it possible to determine the dependences of the ignition delay time for the liquid on the size and initial temperature of the particle. The minimum size and initial temperature of the particle at which ignition still occurs were estimated.     

液体火箭有机凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发模型及仿真研究

凝胶推进剂虽然兼具有液体推进剂流量可控和固体推进剂长期可储存等优点, 但凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发燃烧问题却一直困扰着凝胶推进剂研制及燃烧室设计工作, 阻碍了凝胶推进剂实际工程应用.设计实现了凝胶单液滴蒸发燃烧实验系统, 通过某型有机凝胶偏二甲肼(UDMH)单液滴在四氧化二氮蒸气中的蒸发燃烧实验现象, 进一步深入分析了凝胶液滴蒸发燃烧机理.根据实验中凝胶单液滴在不同阶段的蒸发特性, 建立了有机凝胶喷雾液滴在胶凝剂膜形成、膨胀、破裂三个不同蒸发阶段的多组分蒸发模型, 采用初步选定的模型参数及物性参数对凝胶单液滴在高温气体环境中的蒸发全过程进行了仿真计算, 并与常规液体液滴的仿真结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,凝胶喷雾液滴表面胶凝剂含量在蒸发初期增加比较缓慢, 但在某临界时刻后的极短时间内迅速升高至形成胶凝剂膜的质量分数95%, 导致表面质量流率迅速下降至0,表面温度则快速上升至UDMH推进剂沸点.胶凝剂膜形成后, 液滴半径及表面UDMH蒸气质量分数出现了实验现象中凝胶液滴反复膨胀-破裂的震荡现象, 液滴表面温度维持在略高于沸点的某温度范围内,凝胶液滴内部的沸腾蒸发明显强于液体液滴表面稳态蒸发流率, 使得凝胶喷雾液滴生存时间小于常规液体液滴.     

液滴撞击加热壁面传热实验研究

本文采用高速摄像仪对水滴和乙醇液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发过程进行了实验观测, 分析了液滴撞击加热壁面后的蒸发特性参数. 实验中, 两种液体初始温度均为20 ℃, 不锈钢壁面初始温度范围为68-126℃. 水滴初始直径为2.07 mm, 撞击壁面时Weber 数为2-44; 乙醇液滴初始直径为1.64 mm, Weber数为3-88. 结果表明, 液滴受到重力、表面张力及流动性的影响, 在蒸发过程的大部分时间内, 水滴高度持续降低而接触直径几乎不变; 蒸发后期, 液滴发生回缩, 水滴的接触直径、高度和接触角出现振荡现象. 乙醇液滴的接触角随时间的增加呈现先减小随后保持不变的趋势, 而接触直径和高度则持续减小, 直到液滴完全蒸发. 液滴蒸发总时长与液体物性和壁面温度有关, 随壁面温度的升高而减小, 与液滴撞击壁面时的Weber 数无关. 同时, 随着壁面温度的升高, 液滴显热部分占总换热量的比重增大, 显热部分能量不可忽略, 本文实验条件下得到水滴的平均热流密度为0.014-0.110 W·mm^-2.     

Analysis of explosive boiling of a liquid film on an impulsively heated substrate

Explosive boiling of a thin liquid film on a substrate heated by nanosecond laser pulse, which results in film peeling from a substrate, is considered. It was shown that, to explain the experimental data [1] on the maximum film peeling velocity, the features of evaporation kinetics in the appearing cavity and the shaking effect associated with the nonlinear thermal expansion of the film immediately before its detachment from the substrate should be taken into account.     

Effect of nanostructures on evaporation and explosive boiling of thin liquid films: a molecular dynamics study

Molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to investigate the boiling phenomena of thin liquid films adsorbed on a nanostructured solid surface. The molecular system was comprised of the following: solid platinum wall, liquid argon, and argon vapor. A few layers of the liquid argon were placed on the nanoposts decorated solid surface. The nanoposts height was varied keeping the liquid film thickness constant to capture three scenarios: (i) liquid-film thickness is higher than the height of the nanoposts, (ii) liquid-film and nanoposts are of same height, and (iii) liquid-film thickness is less than the height of the nanoposts. The rest of the simulation box was filled with argon vapor. The simulation was started from its initial configuration, and once the equilibrium of the three phase system was established, the wall was suddenly heated to a higher temperature which resembles an ultrafast laser heating. Two different jump temperatures were selected: a few degrees above the boiling point to initiate normal evaporation and far above the critical point to initiate explosive boiling. Simulation results indicate nanostructures play a significant role in both cases: Argon responds very quickly for the nanostructured surface, the transition from liquid to vapor becomes more gradual, and the evaporation rate increases with the nanoposts height.     

Difference in the conditions and characteristics of evaporation of inhomogeneous water drops in a high-temperature gaseous medium

The evaporation of water drops of initial mass 5–15 mg on a stationary graphite substrate, as well as inhomogeneous drops with solitary solid inclusions, during heating by high-temperature combustion products has been investigated experimentally. Experiments have also been carried out with analogous inhomogeneous drops moving through combustion products. The possibility of two mechanisms of phase transformations of inhomogeneous liquid drops has been established. The scales of the effect of the area of the inclusion surface (up to 20%) and the initial mass of water (up to 90%) on the characteristics of the evaporation of inhomogeneous drops have been determined.     

Influence of Fluid Flow Distribution in Micro-Channel Arrays to Phase Transition Processes

Microstructured heat exchangers are well suited for such phase transition processes as evaporation of liquids due to their heat transfer capabilities, being two to three orders of magnitude higher than those of conventional heat transfer devices. Controlling liquid evaporation inside micro-channels to provide full evaporation in a stable way is not trivial. In most cases, such instabilities as slug flow, bubbly flow, or vapor clogging occur, based on cross-talk possibilities between the individual micro-channels of a channel array, normally caused by open void inlet structures. Therefore, fluid inlet distribution is inhomogeneous, which results, in the best case, in a parabolic shape of a stable evaporation frontline. The parabolic shape occurs due to the residence time distribution of the fluid, generated by shorter path length in the array center and longer ones in the outer areas of the micro-channel array. Computational fluid dynamics simulation approves this result. Such a frontline can be kept stable when the process parameters are well controlled. Small deviations of the inlet parameters may lead to strong disturbances of the evaporation process, destabilizing it. When changing the inlet fluid distribution system to provide the most equal flow distribution possible, the span of the parabolic shape of the evaporation frontline can be reduced drastically. Finally, a stable evaporation frontline perpendicular to flow direction can be obtained. This status is no longer very sensitive to process deviations.

This article presents an optimized micro-channel device for the optical investigation of phase transition phenomena. The device allows the exchange of integrated micro-channel arrays to investigate different designs for their suitability. It is separated into three independent sections, which can be heated or cooled individually. Therefore, very strict and rapid temperature jumps can be obtained within relatively short distances. The micro-channel array foils used for the experiments have been manufactured by mechanical micro-machining. Thus, the cross-sections of the micro-channels are always rectangular. Hydraulic diameter and length of the micro-channels, as well as the shape of the inlet and outlet voids, can be varied. Using a simple triangular or rectangular open inlet void, a stable evaporation line was generated, showing a parabolic shape. Depending on the mass flow and the size and shape of the inlet void, the span of the parabolic arc was influenceable.     

Experimental investigation of the temperature field in the gas-liquid two-layer system

Results of an experimental investigation of the temperature field across the liquid-gas two-layer system are presented. The liquid layer is locally heated from the bottom substrate, and the intensive liquid evaporation is observed. A technique for measuring the temperature profile across the liquid and gas layers (including their interface) is developed. To do these measurements, the microthermocouple is moved across the layers with the help of precision micropositioner with a step of 1 μm. The temperature jump at the liquid-gas interface is measured, and its value increases with the temperature increase. Detailed information on the temperature field near the interface is obtained by using the precise thermocouple displacement with a small step.     

Bénard instabilities in a binary-liquid layer evaporating into an inert gas: Stability of quasi-stationary and time-dependent reference profiles

This study treats an evaporating horizontal binary-liquid layer in contact with the air with an imposed transfer distance. The liquid is an aqueous solution of ethanol (10% wt). Due to evaporation, the ethanol mass fraction can change and a cooling occurs at the liquid-gas interface. This can trigger solutal and thermal Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni instabilities in the system, the modes of which corresponding to an undeformable interface form the subject of the present work. The decrease of the liquid-layer thickness is assumed to be slow on the diffusive time scales (quasi-stationarity). First we analyse the stability of quasi-stationary reference profiles for a model case within which the mass fraction of ethanol is assumed to be fixed at the bottom of the liquid. Then this consideration is generalized by letting the diffusive reference profile for the mass fraction in the liquid be transient (starting from a uniform state), while following the frozen-time approach for perturbations. The critical liquid thickness below which the system is stable at all times quite expectedly corresponds to the one obtained for the quasi-stationary profile. As a next step, a more realistic, zero-flux condition is used at the bottom in lieu of the fixed-concentration one. The critical thickness is found not to change much between these two cases. At larger thicknesses, the critical time at which the instability first appears proves, as can be expected, to be independent of the type of the concentration condition at the bottom. It is shown that solvent (water) evaporation plays a stabilizing role as compared to the case of a non-volatile solvent. At last, an effective approximate Pearson-like model is invoked making use in particular of the fact that the solutal Marangoni is by far the strongest as an instability mechanism here.