Coking and Deactivation of H-ZSM-5 Zeolites during Ethylbenzene Disproportionation: I. Formation and Location of Coke

The mode of deactivation and coke formation in a H-ZSM-5 zeolite during ethylbenzene disproportionate has been investigated by TGA, adsorption, IR, and ¹²⁹Xe NMR techniques. The initial rate of deactivation and the total coke content are found to increase with increasing conversion level. Within the range of conversion (54-63%) covered in the present study, the location and extent of coke deposition can be divided into three distinct regions. At low coke content, coke is found to deposit on the Brønsted acid sites and resulted in a notable decrease in catalytic activity. As the amount of coke increases (≤ 7 wt%), while the catalytic activity decreases slightly, most of coke still tends to deposit within the zeolite channels. The slight decrease in catalytic activity is ascribed to steric hindrance by coke residues. When the coke content exceeds 7 wt%, while the activity remains almost constant, the deposition of coke on the external surface of the zeolite crystallites is evident. It is found that neither the pore opening nor the acid site were completely blocked off by coke residues even at the highest coke loading.     

Effects of the Operating Conditions on Coke Deactivation of 5A Molecular Sieve in N-Decane Adsorption/Desorption

The influence of operating conditions (time-on-stream, temperature, pressure and paraffin feed concentration) on the deactivation of a 5A molecular sieve during the adsorption/desorption of n-decane has been studied using a cyclic operating procedure. After 10 adsorption/desorption cycles, the 5A molecular sieve used in this study showed the same deactivation level as an used industrial molecular sieve provided that the deactivation of the zeolite was due to coke deposition by site coverage and pore blockage. The temperature effect was studied in the range of 373–523 K, obtaining a minimum deactivation at 448 K. The pressure does not influence adsorption parameters in the range of 1–3 MPa, but it does affect the nature of the coke deposited on the zeolite. The influence of paraffin concentration can be considered negligible.     

吸附分离正构烃结焦失活的无粘结剂5A分子筛氧化再生研究

在固定床吸附器上模拟无粘结剂5A分子筛的失活过程,并对失活分子筛进行氧化再生研究。结果表明,焦炭会堵塞部分分子筛孔道,导致失活分子筛的比表面积和孔容减小、平均孔径增加。焦炭含量增加,分子筛的失活度增加,但增加的速率逐渐减小。氧化反应温度由582K升至787K,焦炭脱除率由64%增至100%。失活分子筛于787K下氧化处理后,其上焦炭被完全脱除,分子筛的吸附活性完全恢复。氧化再生后分子筛的比表面积和孔容增加,但难以恢复至新鲜分子筛的水平。在685K~884K,实验得到的无粘结剂5A分子筛上焦炭的氧化脱除宏观动力学方程为：ln(C₀/C) = 0.013exp(-28122.1/T) (p_O2)0.32t。     

分子筛催化剂的失活与积炭

分子筛催化剂的失活与积炭刘中民，陈国权，王清遐，梁娟，蔡光宇（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，大连１１６０２３）关键词分子筛，结炭，催化剂失活，甲醇转化，ＨＺＳＭ－５结炭是酸性分子筛催化剂失活的主要因素．本文通过具有碳链增长、环化、烷基化等多种反应途径...     

ZSM—5担载铱催化1—己烯氢甲酰化Ⅱ.催化剂选择性及动力学

采用离子交换法制得的rZSM-5催化剂在催化1－己烯氢甲酰化反应中，副反应己烯加氢生成正己烷较多。用三苯基膦和甲醛在CO／H2反应气中对催化剂进行改性，产物醛的选择性显著提高。CO、H2吸附研究结果表明，改性使催化剂对H2的不可逆吸附及Vco/VH2比降低，而使其对CO的吸附变得完全可逆。反应动力研究表明，总压对改性后催化的活必, 明显影响，但产物醛的正／异比按总压升高而降低。CO分压升高有利于醛的生成和正／异比的提高。提高反应温度和选择性，正／异比降低。通过非线性回归分析，建立速率方程如下：r=kC^0.9 C6 P^0.99H2P^-1.5CO活化能E＝43.1kJ/mol.     

1-己烯热裂解基元反应选择性分析

1-己烯在873～973 K温度区间热裂解转化反应经历自由基链式反应机理, 主要产物包括C₁~C₃烷烃、C₂~C₄烯烃、丁二烯、环戊烷、环戊烯、焦炭和氢气. 各种产物的生成涉及不同的基元反应途径, 并具有不同的基元反应或然率(Reaction path probability, RPP). 提高反应温度有利于反应物分子的热均裂(链引发)和焦炭生成反应. 随着反应温度从873 K提高到973 K, 标志链式反应特征的动力学链长(KCL)从5.86缩短为5.19.     

Adsorption and diffusion of Xenon in a granulated nano-NaY zeolite

Henry??s law constant and crystal diffusivity of xenon in the granulated nano-NaY zeolite were measured by the pulse gas chromatography method. For this purpose the moments of response peaks of xenon were analyzed. The effect of extra column parts of the utilized chromatographic system was also considered by analyzing the moments of the response peak which was obtained by pulse injection of inert gas of helium into the carrier gas of nitrogen. In addition, the measurement of average velocity of the carrier gas regarding the pressure drop in the extra column parts of the system attributed to precise results. By carrying out the experiments at various temperatures in the range of 30?C110?°C the heat of adsorption and activation energy of crystal diffusivity were estimated. In order to find the binder effect on the adsorption of and diffusion into granules, the aforementioned parameters were also measured for the binderless granules of macron sized NaY zeolite. Results revealed that although the adsorption of xenon on the binder of bentonite was negligible, the diffusion resistance created by this binder was significant such that the effective crystal diffusivity in the granules with 25?% binder was determined to be 96 percent lower than the granules with no binder.     

Nonoxidative conversion of methane into aromatic hydrocarbons on Ni-Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts

The nonoxidative conversion of methane into aromatic hydrocarbons on high-silica zeolites ZSM-5 containing nanosized powders of molybdenum (4.0 wt %) and nickel (0.1–2.0 wt %) was studied. Data on the acid characteristics of the catalysts and the nature and amount of coke deposits formed on the surface of the catalysts were obtained using the thermal desorption of ammonia and thermal analysis. The microstructure and composition of Ni-Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The formation of various chemical species in the samples was detected: oxide-like clusters of Mo within zeolite channels (∼1 nm), molybdenum carbide particles (5–30 nm) on the outer surface of the zeolite, and Ni-Mo alloy particles with different compositions (under reaction conditions, carbon filaments grew on these particles). It was found that, as the Ni content was increased from 0.1 to 2.0 wt %, the rate of deactivation of the catalytic system increased because of blocking pores in the zeolite structure by filamentous carbon up to the formation of condensed coke deposits.     

Catalytic Performance and Coking Behavior of a Submicron HZSM‐5 Zeolite in Ethanol Dehydration

The catalytic performance and coking behavior of a submicron ZSM‐5 zeolite in dehydration of ethanol to ethylene were investigated by means of low temperature nitrogen adsorption, thermal gravimetric analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The submicron catalyst showed higher activity than the micron one due to more mesopores and more strong acid sites. As the reaction temperature increased, ethanol conversion increased over the submicron catalyst, while ethylene selectivity went through a maximum. The selectivities of propylene and butylene increased with increasing reaction temperature, and they decreased with time on stream at constant temperature. The coke deposits can be divided into coke precursor and hard coke, which were attributed to polyalkylbenzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively; and increasing reaction temperature can accelerate the transformation of coke precursor into hard coke. A precoking pretreatment method was verified very effective for improving the catalyst stability.     

Effects of binder, coking and regeneration on acid properties of H-mordenite during TDP reaction

The effects of binder, coking and regeneration on the acid properties of H-mordenite zeolite during toluene disproportionation reaction (TDP) have been investigated by solid-state ³¹P-MAS-NMR of various adsorbed phosphorous probe molecules in conjunction with elemental analysis by ICP-MS technique. A series of fresh, spent and regenerated mordenite-based commercial catalysts were examined and the results were also compared with binder-free H-mordenite zeolite and unformulated γ-alumina binder. It is found that parent H-mordenite zeolite possessed only Brønsted acidity, which is responsible for the observed catalytic activity. In contrast, the γ-Al₂O₃ binder exhibited only Lewis acidity and plays a minor role during the catalytic reaction. While the amount of strong Brønsted acid sites decreased rapidly during initial coking, it reached a plateau at a total coke content of ca. 7 wt%, corresponding to ca. 80% decrease in total acidity. That the catalyst remained active even under deep coke deposition (>7 wt%) condition indicated catalytic activity may be invoked by subsequent coking taking place on the external surface rather than intracrystalline channels of the zeolite catalyst. Furthermore, upon catalyst regeneration treatment, ca. 75% of the total acidity could be effectively recovered.     

Mechanism of Coke Influence on the Catalytic Activity of FeZSM-5 in the Reaction of Benzene Oxidation into Phenol

The influence of coke formation in the reaction of benzene oxidation by nitrous oxide into phenol on the catalytic activity and concentration of iron-containing active sites (-sites), which are stabilized in the microporous structure of FeZSM-5 zeolite, is studied. The deactivation by coke is explained by the poisoning of -sites, whose concentration decreases linearly with an increase in the coke content, rather than by the blocking of zeolite pores. The activity per one -site remains unchanged. This fact indicates the absence of diffusion limitations associated with coke formation. The toxicity of coke for the -sites is determined. The coke amount equivalent to 100–120 benzene molecules is shown to result in the deactivation of one active site.     

Effect of phosphorus on the performance of IM-5 for the alkylation of toluene with methanol into p-xylene

IM-5 zeolite was modified with different amounts of phosphorus species. The effect of the introduction of phosphorus into IM-5 zeolite (P-IM-5) was evaluated on the alkylation of toluene with methanol. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N₂ physical adsorption, ³¹P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, Fourier transform infrared spectra of pyridine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-pyridine and 2,6-lutidine adsorption, and thermogravimetric analysis after reaction. The results showed that the zeolite structure was not changed, but the total amount of acid sites decreased with increasing phosphorus loading. The phosphorus-modified IM-5 samples exhibited much higher stability on the alkylation of toluene with methanol than the parent zeolite and the optimal phosphorus amount added was 0.5 wt %. The excellent catalytic performance could be ascribed to the low ratio of B/L acid sites upon phosphorus modification, which suppressed coke formation.     

NaHY沸石中结构羟基与积碳的关系

Uylterhoevn和Ward等人已经证明了:1.NaHY沸石中的结构羟基,是NH₄NaY脱氨后余下的氢附连于邻近的骨架氧而形成的。对应红外光谱3643cm_-1吸收峰的结构羟基具有Brnsted酸性。     

不同结构扩孔分子筛催化MTP反应行为及表面积炭物种表征

采用TEAOH溶液处理MFI结构ZSM-5分子筛、MWW结构MCM-22分子筛,NaOH溶液处理TON结构ZSM-22分子筛、CHA结构SSZ-13分子筛得到四种结构的扩孔分子筛。在反应温度480℃、反应压力0.1 MPa、甲醇与水质量比1∶1、甲醇质量空速1.5 h~(-1)的条件下,考察了四种扩孔分子筛的甲醇制丙烯(MTP)催化性能,并采用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、NH_3-TPD、TG、UV-Raman和GC-M S等方法表征催化剂的物化性质及M TP反应2 h后的分子筛积炭性质。结果表明,四种分子筛扩孔改性后均出现介孔,其中,T-ZSM-5分子筛在MTP反应中寿命最长;T-MCM-22分子筛寿命次之且失活速率慢;而一维孔道结构N-ZSM-22分子筛和八元环尺寸较小的N-SSZ-13分子筛均失活迅速。受拓扑结构和孔道扩散的影响,MTP反应2 h后,分子筛积炭量增加的顺序为T-ZSM-5N-ZSM-22T-MCM-22N-SSZ-13且可溶焦分子质量随积炭量增加而增重,即从五甲基苯增重到菲、芘等多环芳烃。     

CeY分子筛中有效脱硫物种活性位的构建及其吸附机理研究

以不同焙烧温度和Ce负载量的CeY分子筛为研究对象,运用XRD及N_2吸附表征其织构性质;运用吡啶吸附红外光谱法剖析了分子筛中活性位的化学属性;采用固定床评价其对噻吩模拟油的吸附脱硫性能及芳烃和烯烃对噻吩脱除的影响;并结合红外光谱和GC-SCD技术分析了其脱硫机制。结果表明,CeY样品经150℃焙烧后,其超笼中具备高含量的B酸和Ce羟基化物种活性位,两者协同增强了噻吩低聚反应能力,进而提高了其吸附穿透硫容量(18.45 mg (S)/g);而提升焙烧温度和Ce负载量会严重降低其有效活性位的数量,削弱了噻吩低聚反应能力,其吸附穿透硫容量显著减小(4.03 mg (S)/g)。当加入烯烃和芳烃后,CeY-12.3-150吸附剂对含低浓度(质量分数)1-己烯(1.0%)和苯(0.1%)的噻吩模拟油依旧保持较高吸附穿透硫容量;但随两者含量的持续增加,其硫容量急剧下降。其主要分别归因于噻吩烷基化反应的发生及“S-H”键的作用模式。     

Reversible Nature of Coke Formation on Mo/ZSM‐5 Methane Dehydroaromatization Catalysts

Non‐oxidative dehydroaromatization of methane over Mo/ZSM‐5 zeolite catalysts is a promising reaction for the direct conversion of abundant natural gas into liquid aromatics. Rapid coking deactivation hinders the practical implementation of this technology. Herein, we show that catalyst productivity can be improved by nearly an order of magnitude by raising the reaction pressure to 15 bar. The beneficial effect of pressure was found for different Mo/ZSM‐5 catalysts and a wide range of reaction temperatures and space velocities. High‐pressure operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that the structure of the active Mo‐phase was not affected by operation at elevated pressure. Isotope labeling experiments, supported by mass‐spectrometry and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, indicated the reversible nature of coke formation. The improved performance can be attributed to faster coke hydrogenation at increased pressure, overall resulting in a lower coke selectivity and better utilization of the zeolite micropore space.     

Effect of zeolite, kaolin and alumina during cracking of heavy petroleum residue evaluated by thermogravimetry

This work evaluates the effect of the FCC catalyst components—Y zeolite, kaolin and alumina—on the formation of coke during the cracking of heavy residue (HR) of petroleum. The Y zeolite, kaolin and alumina were mixed with a HR at a ratio of approximately 1:4. The effect was studied using dynamic thermogravimetry at a heating rate of 50 K min⁻¹, with N₂ (between 35 and 700 °C) and air (in the 700–1,000 °C temperature range). The HR analyzed in these conditions formed 8.1% of coke. All the mixtures presented larger coke formation than that observed in pure HR. The Y zeolite presented fourfold larger coke formation, while kaolin and alumina showed twofold higher formation than pure HR. The major focus of this study was to verify the sensitivity of the TG technique in providing information about coke formation in the fluid catalytic process of refineries.     

ZSM-5分子筛催化1-己烯生成cis-2-己烯的理论研究

基于54T团簇模型, 采用ONIOM分层计算方法, 研究了1-己烯在ZSM-5分子筛上进行顺式双键异构的反应机理. 计算结果表明, 1-己烯的顺式双键异构反应通过只有分子筛Brønsted酸部分起作用的机理进行. 首先, 1-己烯与分子筛的Brønsted酸性位形成π配位复合物. 接着, 酸质子发生迁移使1-己烯的双键端基碳原子被质子化, 同时双键的另一碳原子与失去质子的Brønsted酸羟基的氧原子成键, 形成稳定的烷氧基中间体. 然后, 烷氧基中间体中的C―O共价键被打断, 同时Brønsted酸羟基的氧原子从C₆H₁₃基团提取一个氢原子还原分子筛的酸性位, 并且生成cis-2-己烯. 这一反应路径与借助于分子筛活性位的酸-碱双功能性质的反应路径是相互竞争的. 计算得到的表观活化能是59.37 kJ·mol^-1, 该值与实验值非常接近. 这一结果合理解释了双键异构过程中的能量特征, 并且扩展了对分子筛活性位本质的理解.     

Isomerization of alkenes during drying over zeolites

We observed that zeolite 5A, a zeolite commonly used for drying, isomerized 1-butene and 1-hexene at room temperature. The activity for 1-butene isomerization on 3A, 4A, 5A and 13X zeolites at temperatures of 300 to 565 K is reported.     

甲烷无氧芳构化反应中钼基分子筛催化剂上积炭的表征

利用化学方法对钼基分子筛催化剂上的CH2Cl2可溶性积炭和不可溶性积炭进行分离，并通过质谱、红外光谱、核磁共振等手段对积炭进行了表征。结果表明，可溶性积炭的主组分为一种非芳烃物质，它的组成不随反应时间、反应温度和催化剂的酸性的变化而变化。可溶性积炭分子对催化剂的活性影响不大。高不饱和度的稠环芳烃型不可溶性积炭分子是催化剂失活的主要原因。