基于SONAH的水平轴风力机风轮噪声源识别

将统计最优近场声全息(SONAH)技术运用于小型水平轴风力机风轮噪声源识别中,采用近场声全息技术以弥补远场波束形成技术对低频段声源识别精度低的缺点。利用BK公司的60通道圆形声阵列对运行中的水平轴风力机在不同工况下进行声场信息采集分析,分析了噪声总声功率级的分布特征以及噪声源位置的分布规律。分析结果表明:风轮旋转时,以200 Hz以下的旋转噪声为主导,噪声源能量最大区域主要集中在叶片中部(r/R=0.5附近),并随着频率的增大,声源沿旋转面径向方向由叶片中部逐渐向叶尖分散。     

转速对弯掠轴流风机气动噪声的影响分析

针对弯掠轴流风机气动噪声问题,采用大涡模拟(LES)和基于Lighthill声类比的FW-H模型相结合的方法进行非定常计算,通过快速Fourier转换(FFT),得到风机远场气动噪声声压级分布。对比研究了三种转速下旋转区内声压级分布规律、时域及频域特性,结果表明:旋转区域内声压级随转速增加而增大,前缘分离涡在某一转速时影响区域和强度最大;在一个旋转周期内,声压脉动呈现出6个波峰与波谷,验证了叶片转动频率是风机内部气动噪声的主要激励频率.     

涡旋对深海风成噪声垂直空间特性的影响

涡旋是深海环境中频繁出现的海洋现象,它会引起上层海水的声速扰动,改变海面风成噪声的传播过程,最终导致噪声场特性异常.本文采用高斯涡模型描述涡旋引起的声速扰动,分别使用射线和抛物方程模型描述近场和远场噪声信号的传播,研究了涡旋对其水平中心位置不同深度上的风成噪声垂直空间特性(包括噪声垂直方向性和垂直相关性)的影响.研究表明:1)在涡心深度上,涡旋对噪声垂直空间特性的影响最大,其中冷涡导致噪声垂直方向性中水平凹槽的宽度增加,凹槽下边缘峰值的高度降低,噪声垂直相关性减弱,暖涡的影响反之; 2)在远离涡心的深度上,涡旋对噪声垂直空间特性的影响减小,冷涡和暖涡分别仅引起噪声垂直方向性中水平凹槽下边缘峰值的高度升高和降低,对噪声垂直相关性几乎没有影响; 3)涡旋对噪声垂直空间特性的影响均随其绝对强度增大而增强.针对以上现象,使用射线逆推方法分析了涡旋影响噪声垂直空间特性的机理.该方法由噪声接收点发射声线,利用声场互易性分析噪声沿声线反向到达接收点的俯仰角和能量大小.分析表明,存在涡旋时,噪声沿海面反射声线反向到达接收点的俯仰角和能量变化,是引起噪声垂直空间特性变化的主要原因.此外,仿真表明,当接收点偏离涡旋水平中心但两者距离较近时,研究中的分析和结论仍是近似成立的.     

多管PDE爆轰噪声传播过程物理特性实验研究

为研究多管脉冲爆轰发动机爆轰噪声传播过程及声波物理特性,对单管至四管脉冲爆轰发动机爆轰噪声物理特性开展实验研究,获得了多管脉冲爆轰发动机爆轰噪声的波形、声压衰减规律、辐射特性、持续时间和频谱特性等物理参数。结果表明:在管口区域,爆轰噪声峰值衰减较快,在远离管口区域,衰减速率逐渐放缓。随着爆轰管数量的增加,爆轰峰值噪声在各方位角上的声压级逐渐增大。在远场区域内爆轰噪声指向性图呈“M”形。随着爆轰管数量的增加,爆轰噪声的A/B持续时间均增加。爆轰噪声是能量主要集中在中低频段的宽频噪声,其频谱峰值和峰值所在频点随爆轰管数量的增加而改变。      

喷孔直径对柴油射流雾化影响的实验研究

本文利用可视化高压定容弹,就常压环境下高速射流在破碎过程中的近场及远场的雾化特性随喷孔直径变化的规律进行实验研究。研究结果表明:对于远场喷雾来说,随着喷油压力和喷孔直径的增大,导致流动阻力的减小,从而导致贯穿加速度增大;而在近场区域,利用长焦显微技术拍摄的微观图像显示,随着喷雾的发展,液柱逐渐失稳,出现类似不稳定波的拟序结构;近场喷雾锥角随着喷孔直径的增大呈现增长的趋势,这是主要是因为长径比的减小导致流动阻力的减少,进而引起湍动能的增加,最终体现在法向湍流脉动速度的增加引起了锥角的增大。     

浅海环境中矢量水听器角度谱特性

为探明远场舰船噪声和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用的机制对矢量水听器角度谱特性的影响,基于简正波矢量场理论,构建舰船平台噪声声场模型,获得与海上实验结果相符的声能流角度谱特性,声能流方向均随频率变化。对远场舰船噪声声能流和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用进行仿真,两者声能流强度的此消彼长使角度谱出现4种条纹,与海上实验获得的角度谱特性一致,导致目标方位估计出现误差,且不同频带上的结果不一致。说明两个声能流相互作用时,影响合成能流角度谱特性的主要因素是两者的声压级之差,为浅海中同时存在多个声源时的目标方位估计提供参考。      

考虑对流效应的圆柱绕流气动噪声的预测

采用非稳态雷诺时均(URANS)方程求解圆柱绕流获得近场声源信息,同时运用考虑对流效应的频域声比拟方法,研究了圆柱绕流的气动噪声问题,并考察了不同来流马赫数对辐射声压的影响。结果表明:卡门涡的脱落导致圆柱阻力系数频率为升力系数频率的两倍;较大的升力系数脉动幅值产生了偶极子源,偶极子源在远场辐射声压中占主导作用,最大辐射声压垂直于来流方向;随着马赫数的增大,对流效应显著增强且辐射声压正比于马赫数的三次方。     

简谐速度噪声及其与势场之间的频率共振

为了描述复杂的噪声环境，考虑了一种具有频率结构的噪声——简谐速度噪声，包括它的产生、关联函数、功率谱以及作为热噪声时的频率特性所导致的一些行为.结果表明：在频谱空间中简谐速度噪声是一种带通噪声，存在一个峰值频率，且噪声带宽由参量Γ控制.当简谐势中的一个布朗粒子受热简谐速度噪声驱动时，粒子能量极大值出现在两种频率相等的情况下.这表明噪声和势场的频率之间存在动力学共振，决定着粒子能量的大小. 关键词： 简谐噪声 简谐速度噪声 功率谱 频率共振     

海面动态波动引起的船舶辐射噪声线谱伴随调制特性

针对海上实验发现的船舶辐射噪声载波线谱两侧对称出现伴随线谱现象,建立了基于抛物方程近似理论的动态起伏海面条件下连续波信号传播预报模型,揭示了海面风速、收发距离、声源深度等因素对伴随调制线谱频率间隔和强度的影响规律。数值仿真结果表明,伴随调制线谱与其载波线谱的频率间隔由具有稳定频率的海面涌浪决定;伴随调制线谱强度随海面风速增大而增大;不同收发距离和声源深度等条件下伴随调制线谱强度随距离的变化趋势与其载波线谱强度基本一致,近水面（平均深度3 m以内）声源上移和下移伴随调制线谱能量大致相当,比载波线谱能量低约10 dB;除了载波传播损失大的深度外,非近水面声源上移和下移伴随调制线谱强度能量相差较大,比载波线谱能量整体上低约20 dB以上。对海上实测水面船辐射噪声数据进行长时间窗时频分析表明,上移和下移频率伴随调制线谱与载波线谱的间隔为0.1 Hz左右,伴随调制线谱强度与载波线谱强度相差约10 dB,与仿真分析结果一致。海面动态波动引起的船舶辐射噪声线谱伴随调制特性对水中目标特征识别等具有重要价值。      

光学参数对激光阵列相干

利用傅里叶光学方法,获得了相干合束远场光强的解析表达式,讨论了相位、振幅和发光单元数目等光学参数对远场光束质量的影响。研究结果表明:随着参与合束的发光单元数目的增加,尖峰变锐;同相模的光能集中在更小的立体角内,使得相干合束的亮度增加;异相模的光束能量较为分散,其峰值光强有所降低;随着振幅比β的减少,相干合束远场光强的峰值相对变化率增加,远场光强分布出现了本底现象,远场干涉条纹对比度降低。     

Helicopter noise in hover: Computational modelling and experimental validation

The aeroacoustic characteristics of a helicopter rotor are calculated by a new method, to assess its applicability in assessing rotor performance in hovering. Direct solution of the Euler equations in a noninertial coordinate system is used to calculate the near-field flow around the spinning rotor. The far-field noise field is calculated by the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) method using permeable control surfaces that include the blade. For a multiblade rotor, the signal obtained is duplicated and shifted in phase for each successive blade. By that means, the spectral characteristics of the far-field noise may be obtained. To determine the integral aerodynamic characteristics of the rotor, software is written to calculate the thrust and torque characteristics from the near-field flow solution. The results of numerical simulation are compared with experimental acoustic and aerodynamic data for a large-scale model of a helicopter main rotor in an open test facility. Two- and four-blade configurations of the rotor are considered, in different hover conditions. The proposed method satisfactorily predicts the aerodynamic characteristics of the blades in such conditions and gives good estimates for the first harmonics of the noise. That permits the practical use of the proposed method, not only for hovering but also for forward flight.     

A synthesis approach for reproducing the response of aircraft panels to a turbulent boundary layer excitation

Random wall-pressure fluctuations due to the turbulent boundary layer (TBL) are a feature of the air flow over an aircraft fuselage under cruise conditions, creating undesirable effects such as cabin noise annoyance. In order to test potential solutions to reduce the TBL-induced noise, a cost-efficient alternative to in-flight or wind-tunnel measurements involves the laboratory simulation of the response of aircraft sidewalls to high-speed subsonic TBL excitation. Previously published work has shown that TBL simulation using a near-field array of loudspeakers is only feasible in the low frequency range due to the rapid decay of the spanwise correlation length with frequency. This paper demonstrates through theoretical criteria how the wavenumber filtering capabilities of the radiating panel reduces the number of sources required, thus dramatically enlarging the frequency range over which the response of the TBL-excited panel is accurately reproduced. Experimental synthesis of the panel response to high-speed TBL excitation is found to be feasible over the hydrodynamic coincidence frequency range using a reduced set of near-field loudspeakers driven by optimal signals. Effective methodologies are proposed for an accurate reproduction of the TBL-induced sound power radiated by the panel into a free-field and when coupled to a cavity.     

有限元-统计能量分析法的拖拉机驾驶室噪声研究*

对某拖拉机驾驶室内中频噪声进行预测,建立了拖拉机驾驶室FE-SEA(有限元统计能量分析)混合模型,通过理论计算和试验方法获取驾驶室结构内损耗因子等数据；加载振动和噪声激励后进行有限元-统计能量分析联合仿真,将仿真获取的驾驶室声压级与实测数据进行对比,分析对比表明该模型在中频段利用FE-SEA混合法分析所得结果与试验测试值拟合程度较高,分析各子系统对驾驶室声腔的能量贡献度,确定对驾驶室噪声贡献较大的子系统,针对性对驾驶室声学包进行整改,获得一定降噪效果。     

激光束畸变波前高频相位的恢复效果分析

运用逐次逼近迭代法恢复近场畸变波前的高频相位,定量分析了高频相位恢复效果与滤波器截止频率之间的关系,并进一步讨论了近场和远场光强噪声扰动对恢复效果的影响。研究结果表明:随着滤波器截止频率的增大,即对近场波前相位探测器要求的提高,逐次逼近迭代法的高频相位恢复效果会越来越好。此外,高频相位恢复效果随近场或远场光强噪声扰动的增大而变差,其中,近场光强噪声扰动对恢复效果的影响相对较小,而远场光强噪声扰动对恢复效果的影响则明显得多。在实际工作中,为了获得较好的近场高频相位的恢复效果,不仅需要合理地对近场低频相位测量提出要求,而且还必须尽可能减小光强分布测量的误差,特别是尽量减小远场噪声光强的影响。     

On measurements of aerodynamic noise generated by a high-speed electric train

Noise measured above a high-speed railway train indicates that aerodynamically generated noise may be quite significant at high vehicle speeds. A comparison of experimental and predicted noise levels demonstrates the similarity between the levels of aerodynamic noise produced by aircraft (airframe noise) and railway vehicles.     

Prediction of aerodynamic noise reduction by using open-cell metal foam

As the speed of high-speed train (HST) increases continuously, aerodynamic noise has become more remarkable compared with the wheel/rail noise, which affects the inhabited environment along the railway and the riding comfort. This paper preliminarily investigates the feasibility of using open-cell metal foam covering layer to reduce the low Mach number aerodynamic noise generated by the flow around a circular cylinder which is the typical section of pantographs. The aerodynamic noises radiated from the circular cylinder with and without metal foam are calculated. The hybrid method combining two-dimensional large eddy simulation (LES) with Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) equation is employed. The calculated Strouhal number, time-averaged drag coefficient, base pressure and overall sound pressure level agree well with some available experimental data. Then, the influences of metal foam porosity, pore density, thickness of covering layer and the speed of train on the aerodynamic noise and the aerodynamic forces are investigated, and some detailed comparisons of flow field are made. The numerical results indicate that as a passive scheme, the open-cell metal foam with high porosity can modify the flow, adjust the vortex shedding frequency and regularize the wake, leading to a significant reduction of aerodynamic noise. The results are expected to provide useful information for the control of aerodynamic noise using this new material.     

The characteristics of frequency-time azimuth spectrum estimation by a vector hydrophone in shallow water

The mechanism of interaction between the energy flows of the far-field ship noise and the near-field platform is studied, and the characteristics of frequency-time azimuth spectrum is discussed. Based on normal modes theory in acoustic vector fields, the model of the near-field platform is established, and the simulated result is similar to the investigation in shallow water. The frequency-time azimuth spectrum of the energy flow is investigated by the vector hydrophone changes with frequency. The energy flow of the far-field ship noise interacts with the near-field platform, so four kinds of stripes are shown in the frequency-time azimuth spectrum, which is the same with the investigation of sea trial. The estimation of direction of arrival appears inaccuracy, and varies with frequency. The main factor that affects the characteristics of frequency-time azimuth spectrum of resultant energy flow is the difference of sound pressure level. The estimation of the direction of arrival benefits from this when a number of sources exist in shallow water.     

车辆天窗气动噪声的数值分析与实验研究

本文从汽车天窗气动噪声的机理入手,利用与实车几何尺寸为1:5的简化模型进行了空腔绕流的数值计算,分析了其流场结构及气动噪声产生的原因.在低速静音风洞中进行了不同流速下的流场和声场实验研究,研究了天窗不同位置的速度剪切层变化,以及不同流速下的声压级变化,发现了除了特征频率下的风振噪声,还存在较大频率范围的气动噪声,其随着...