激光脉冲时域整形及其对发射度的改善效果

 利用脉冲堆积法对驱动激光脉冲进行了时域整形,并利用条纹相机测量到了理想的整形结果。在脉冲堆积法的基础上,给出了近似椭球体整形的方案。模拟结果表明：利用脉冲堆积法整形后得到激光脉冲驱动光阴极可以获得更小的发射度;对于测量到的半高全宽（FWHM）为3.82 ps的脉冲,8个子脉冲堆积比4个子脉冲堆积更为有利;此外,对激光脉冲作近似椭球体整形可以进一步降低束流发射度。     

激光脉冲在气体中产生的离化波前的演化及其对光脉冲传播的影响

利用带离化子程序的一维粒子模拟程序，对光脉冲与离化波前的相互作用进行了模拟研究，讨论了在原子多度电离的情况下光脉冲与离化波前的相互作用关系.研究表明，由于原子各级离化势的不连续性使得离化波前在空间上出现平台区；离化过程导致激光频率发生蓝移，这个蓝移又对脉冲形状产生调制，使脉冲前沿呈阶跃型增长；阶跃型的光脉冲包络使离化波前的平台区变短，直至整个离化波前分为几个不同梯度的区域.还讨论了不同元素和不同密度的气体中产生的离化波前的特点.同时分析了光脉冲频率随传播距离的关系，指出由于光脉冲宽度的增加，将导致出射的光 关键词： 激光等离子体 光电离 离化波前 激光频率上转换     

射频腔光阴极注入器发射度研究

 在激光驱动的光阴极注入器产生的高亮度电子束中，空间电荷引起发射度的增长。分析了射频腔中引起发射度增长的因素以及解决这个问题的办法——在射频腔的阴极附近加一个螺旋聚焦磁场进行补偿，也给出了补偿后电子束的发射度并和数值模拟结果进行比较，实验测试表明，所得结果比较符合。     

光阴极电子枪中金属光阴极的热发射度研究

对光阴极电子注入器中金属光阴极的热发射度进行了理论研究.金属光阴极的热发射度由两部分构成.一方面对于理想平坦的阴极,光电子穿越表面势垒后有一定的残余动能,造成一定的热发射度,这部分前人已经做过一些理论研究.本文改进已有的模型,进一步给出了理想平坦光阴极的热发射度.另一方面,阴极表面的粗糙度将造成热发射度的增加,本文首次解析地分析了表面粗糙度对光阴极电子枪热发射度的影响,得到表面粗糙度造成的热发射度的估计公式.本文对金刚石车削后的铜、镁的表面形貌进行了测量,表明粗糙度造成的热发射度大约0.4mm·mrad.本文的热发射度理论能够较好的解释目前国际上铜、镁阴极的热发射度的测量结果.     

少周期激光脉冲与气体作用产生的离化电流和THz波辐射

本文通过理论和数值模拟,研究少周期激光脉冲电离气体原子产生的离化电流 以及相应的THz波辐射.研究表明,少周期激光脉冲离化气体后能产生较大的离化电流, 因而可以产生较强的THz辐射.不同的少周期激光脉冲相位导致电离出的 电子初始速度和电离起始时刻不同,从而产生的离化电流有所不同, 辐射的THz波随激光脉冲的相位成周期性变化.该理论得到一维PIC数值模拟的验证. 对于给定的激光脉冲相位,离化电流和THz辐射振幅并没有随入射激光振幅的增加而单调增加, 而是存在一些极值点.与均匀分布气体相比,当气体分布具有一定梯度时, 辐射表现相似的规律,但频谱会发生一定的变化.     

天鹅绒阴极产生的强流双脉冲电子束特性

 通过一台2 MeV直线感应型强流电子注入器建立的双脉冲功率源系统,实验研究了天鹅绒阴极产生的相对论性猝发双脉冲强流电子束基本特性,给出了双脉冲电子束的积分发射度、亮度和双脉冲电子束时间分辨包络变化情况。研究结果表明：天鹅绒阴极产生的双脉冲的亮度达到108 A·(m·rad)^-2;实验得到的两个脉冲电子束包络半径不完全一致,这是由于天鹅绒阴极在发射电子束过程中产生的阴极等离子体对真空二极管的影响程度不同所导致的。     

百纳秒脉冲下强流二极管的工作稳定性

以闪光二号加速器为研究平台,实验研究了前沿80 ns和34 ns脉冲电压下的二极管工作稳定性,通过对比实验结果和数值模拟结果,分析了脉冲前沿对二极管启动时间、阴极发射均匀性和阻抗重复性的影响,探讨了脉冲前沿对平面阴极二极管工作状态的影响机制。实验结果表明:脉冲前沿、二极管启动时间增加时,二极管的阻抗重复性降低;平面阴极易于在中心位置形成强区域发射,等离子体覆盖整个阴极发射面的时间随脉冲前沿增大而增加;屏蔽效应对阴极发射的影响随前沿增加而变大,进而导致阴极表面不均匀强点发射,等离子体运动速度增加,阴极有效发射面积减小,在等离子体运动速度和阴极有效发射面积共同作用下,二极管工作稳定性下降。     

弹道扩散机制下热波传递的蒙特卡罗模拟

超短脉冲激光技术在精细加工和微纳米材料热物性测量方面的广泛应用,要求对超快速导热过程有更系统深入的了解。本文利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了声子主导的超快导热过程,并和经典热波模型的结果进行了对比分析。经典热波方程预测了无色散的耗散波;兰贝特边界发射的蒙特卡罗模拟预测了色散的耗散波,而且不同的边界声子发射的模拟结果不同。利用声子玻尔兹曼方程分析了模拟中不同发射方式下热波的色散关系。热波传递过程中的能量均方位移时间关系表明中声子以弹道扩散形式传递。     

光阴极微波电子枪驱动激光整形与传输系统

为满足合肥先进光源对高品质注入束流的要求,合肥先进光源预研项目研制了一套光阴极微波电子枪系统作为注入器电子源。为降低空间电荷效应引起的束流发射度增长,对驱动激光整形及传输系统进行了理论和实验研究。通过双折射晶体的脉冲时间整形以及采用光阑高斯截断的空间整形,得到了近似均匀分布的激光脉冲。像传递激光传输光路,实现了光阴极表面激光位置的高稳定性。实验结果显示,光阴极表面的激光位置抖动小于4 μm,激光性能满足实验要求。     

基于波长330nm激光激发多色激光导星回波光子数的数值计算与探讨

采用无模激光器发射波长为330 nm的激光激发多色激光导星,需要考虑脉冲激光重频率、激光带宽、激光初始光斑直径以及大气透过率对回波光子数的影响.通过数值模拟,计算了高斯光束的脉冲激光和连续激光激发多色激光导星在实际大气中后向辐射330 nm和2207 nm波长的回波光子数.数值计算结果表明,在垂直发射和接收的情况下,当到达大气中间层的激光能量为1 W时,连续激光能够获得更多的回波光子数,并且回波光子数几乎无起伏.对于脉冲激光,提高脉冲激光重频率达到50 kHz以上时,多色激光导星330 nm的回波光子数随脉冲重频率的增加趋于有限值;当大气能见度小于5 km且大气相干长度为12.8 cm时,大约需要34 W以上的激光发射能量,才能获得满足使用自然星全倾斜探测的330 nm回波光子数.对于连续激光,相同情况下,大约需要20 W以上的激光发射能量.     

Photoinjector beam quality improvement by shaping the wavefront of a drive laser with oblique incidence

To increase the quantum efficiency (QE) of a copper photocathode and reduce the thermal emittance of an electron beam, a drive laser with oblique incidence was adopted in a BNL type photocathode rf gun. The disadvantageous effects on the beam quality caused by oblique incidence were analyzed qualitatively. A simple way to solve the problems through wavefront shaping was introduced and the beam quality was improved.     

Photoinjector beam quality improvement by shaping the wavefront of a drive laserwith oblique incidence

To increase the quantum efficiency (QE) of a copper photocathode and reduce the thermal emittance of an electron beam, a drive laser with oblique incidence was adopted in a BNL type photocathode rf gun. The disadvantageous effects on the beam quality caused by oblique incidence were analyzed qualitatively. A simple way to solve the problems through wavefront shaping was introduced and the beam quality was improved.     

Emittance measurement & optimization for the photocathode RF gun with laser profile shaping

The Laser Undulator Compact X-ray source(LUCX) is a test bench for a compact high brightness X-ray generator,based on inverse Compton Scattering at KEK,which requires high intensity multi-bunch trains with low transverse emittance.A photocathode RF gun with emittance compensation solenoid is used as an electron source.Much endeavor has been made to increase the beam intensity in the multi-bunch trains.The cavity of the RF gun is tuned into an unbalanced field in order to reduce space charge effects,so that the field gradient on the cathode surface is relatively higher when the forward RF power into gun cavity is not high enough.A laser profile shaper is employed to convert the driving laser profile from Gaussian into uniform.In this research we seek to find the optimized operational conditions for the decrease of the transverse emittance.With the uniform driving laser and the unbalanced RF gun,the RMS transverse emittance of a 1 nC bunch has been improved effectively from 5.46 πmm.mrad to 3.66 πmm.mrad.     

Slice emittance measurement for photocathode RF gun with solenoid scanning and RF deflecting cavity

The radiation of high-gain short-wavelength free-electron laser depends on the slice transverse emittance of the electron bunch. This essay introduces the method of slice emittance measurement, and shows the brief setup of this experiment using the solenoid scanning and RF deflecting cavity at Tsinghua University. The preliminary experimental results show that the slice rms emittance of the electron bunch generated by photocathode RF gun has considerable variations along the bunch and is typically less than 0.55 mm mrad for the laser rms radius of 0.4 mm.

     

DC-SC光阴极注入器的束载实验的调试进展

 北京大学射频超导实验室设计了新型超导光电子枪——DC-SC光阴极注入器，目标是为自由电子激光平台提供能量在2~3MeV，脉宽小于10ps，脉冲重复频率为81.25MHz，平均流强约为1mA的低发射度电子束。现在已经建成了DC-SC光阴极注入器实验平台，包括激光驱动光阴极系统，Pierce直流高压加速结构，1.3GHz 1＋1/2纯铌超导腔，恒温器低温系统，4.5kW连续波微波系统，1/16分频与同步控制系统，束流诊断系统和能量分析系统等。并且完成了超导腔的静态实验，直流加速结构也经过了100μA低电流测试。实验结果符合设计要求，整体调试后即可以进行束载实验。     

Bunch evolution study in optimization of MeV ultrafast electron diffraction

Megaelectronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is a promising detection tool for ultrafast processes. The quality of diffraction image is determined by the transverse evolution of the probe bunch. In this paper, we study the contributing terms of the emittance and space charge effects to the bunch evolution in the MeV UED scheme, employing a mean-field model with an ellipsoidal distribution as well as particle tracking simulation. The small transverse dimension of the drive laser is found to be critical to improve the reciprocal resolution, exploiting both smaller emittance and larger transverse bunch size before the solenoid. The degradation of the reciprocal spatial resolution caused by the space charge effects should be carefully controlled.     

Simulation study on the emittance compensation of off-axis emitted beam in RF photoinjector

To make full use of the photocathode material and improve its quantum efficiency lifetime, it can be necessary to operate the laser away from the cathode center in photoinjectors. In RF guns, the off-axis emitted beam will see a time-dependent RF effect, which would generate a significant growth in transverse emittance. It has been demonstrated that such an emittance growth can be almost completely compensated by orienting the beam on a proper orbit in the downstream RF cavities along the injector [1]. In this paper we analyze in detail the simulation techniques used in reference [1] and the issues associated with them. The optimization of photoinjector systems involving off-axis beams is a challenging problem. To solve this problem, one needs advanced simulation tools including both genetic algorithms and an efficient algorithm for 3D space charge. In this paper, we report on simulation studies where the two codes ASTRA and IMPACT-T are used jointly to overcome these challenges, in order to optimize a system designed to compensate for the emittance growth in a beam emitted off axis.     

光阴极微波电子枪优化设计的考虑

对光阴极微波电子枪进行了优化设计 ,给出了光阳极微波腔的形状、电参数和电场分布 .电子束团初始参数对束流横向发射度的影响 ,用 Parmela程序对其进行了优化 ,得到了一组最优参数 .考虑了补偿线圈对束流发射度的影响 ,对线圈的位置和电流的大小做了优化 .经过优化后得到腔出口处的横向发射度为 1 .39πmm.mrad,达到了设计时的要求. A 1.3 GHz photocathode RF gun is under study in peking University. The photocathode RF gun, composed of gun cavity, photocathode and Laser system, is expected to deliver a electron beam with a normalized transverse rms emittance of 1π mm·mrad at a charge of 1nC. Its performance has been studied by the space-charge tracking code PARMELA. The influences of the initialized electron beam were also studied. The emittance compensation technique is employed. After optimization of the parameters was...