等浓度的氯化铵和硫酸铵溶液哪个pH高

有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明.     

Enhanced efficiency and stability in Sn-based perovskite solar cells with secondary crystallization growth

The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs.     

Energy level engineering of charge selective contact and halide perovskite by modulating band offset:Mechanistic insights

Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO₂ and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm² and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset.     

A new strategy to access Co/N co-doped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E_1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications.     

Recent Advances of Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for Bioimaging Applications

Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications.     

酵母对抑制剂耐受的系统分析

纤维素生产乙醇的关键问题之一是水解产生的抑制性物质对乙醇发酵具有明显的抑制效应,因而引起了国内外研究者的广泛关注.研究发现,在抑制剂存在下,酵母在基因表达水平,蛋白水平和代谢物水平都有相应的耐受响应,且这些响应错综复杂.从系统角度运用组学的方法研究这一体系将有助于全面深入了解酵母的耐受机制.本文综述了系统研究的思路和方法在酵母对抑制剂耐受方面的研究状况;对主要研究手段和成果进行了回顾;并对酵母发酵乙醇系统分析的前景进行了展望.     

Miniaturized electrochemical sensors and their point-of-care applications

Most of the current analytical methods depend largely on laboratory-based analytical techniques that require expensive and bullky equipment,potentially incur costly testing,and involve lengthy detection processes.With increasing requirements for point-of-care testing(POCT),more attention has been paid to miniaturized analytical devices.Miniaturized electrochemical(MEC)sensors,including different material-based MEC sensors(such as DNA-,paper-,and screen electrode-based),have been in strong demand in analytical science due to their easy operation,portability,high sensitivity,as well as their short analysis time.They have been applied for the detection of trace amounts of target through measuring changes in electrochemical signal,such as current,voltage,potential,or impedance,due to the oxidation/reduction of chemical/biological molecules with the help of electrodes and electrochemical units.MEC sensors present great potential for the detection of targets including small organic molecules,metal ions,and biomolecules.In recent years,MEC sensors have been broadly applied to POCT in various fields,including health care,food safety,and environmental monitoring,owing to the excellent advantages of electrochemical(EC)technologies.This review summarized the state-of-the-art advancements on various types of MEC sensors and their applications in POCT.Furthermore,the future perspectives,opportunities,and challenges in this field are also discussed.     

Stabilizing High-voltage Cathode Materials for Next-generation Li-ion Batteries

The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries.     

Suppressing trap states and energy loss by optimizing vertical phase distribution through ternary strategy in organic solar cells

Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy.     

Conformational Properties of Comb-shaped Polyelectrolytes with Negatively Charged Backbone and Neutral Side Chains Studied by a Generic Coarse-grained Bead-and-Spring Model

A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions.     

甲烷芳构化反应催化剂的研究——Mo-M/HZSM-5在无氧条件下的催化性能和表面性质

苯;甲烷芳构化反应催化剂的研究——Mo-M/HZSM-5在无氧条件下的催化性能和表面性质     

甲烷芳构化Mo／HZSM—5催化剂上添加第二组分的研究

研究了在3％Mo/HZSM-5催化剂上添加Fe、Cr、Co、Ga助剂对甲烷芳构化反应的影响,以及添加的物料比与甲烷转化率、碳氢化合物和焦炭的选择性、苯产物分布的关系。结果表明,添加Fe、Cr、Co、Ga金属助剂,调整了HZSM－5的酸性,从而改变了催化剂的活性,XRD 结果表明,添加了Co、Fe助剂的催化剂,使用后其HZSM－5分子筛的晶相结构发生了变化。     

Re/HZSM-5体系上的甲烷无氧芳构化反应

 与Mo／HZSM－5相比，Re／HZSM－5也是较好的甲烷无氧芳构化催\r\n化剂，其初活性较高，但随着反应的进行，催化剂失活的速率较快．通\r\n过NH3－TPD，H2－TPR和MASNMR等手段，对催化剂的酸性和分子筛骨架\r\n铝的变化以及铼物种的还原性能进行了研究．结果表明，催化剂酸性的\r\n在反应中起着重要的作用，但不同铼担载量的催化剂酸性的变化比较复\r\n杂，不同于Mo／HZSM－5体系．总的来看，并不是酸性越强或酸量越多\r\n，催化剂的催化性能就越好；催化剂的酸性和酸量都有一个最佳值．担\r\n载铼物种后，铼物种可与分子筛的骨架铝发生强烈的相互作用，最终导\r\n致骨架脱铝．Re／HZSM－5催化剂具有较高的低温活性，在较低温度下\r\n可被还原性气氛还原，且还原后的活性物种单一．     

表面性质对甲烷芳构化Mo基催化剂反应性能的影响

研究了不同载体对Mo基催化剂反应性能的影响，发现对于在无氧条件下的甲烷芳构化反应，分子筛酸性，结构和金属氧化物的存在这3个因素是至关重要的，考察了作为第2组分的Zn,W,Cu,Cr,Ni5种元素对Mo/HZSM-5反应性能的影响，发现第2组分的添加均在不同程度上提高了催化剂的甲烷芳构化活性和选择性，异丙醇分解反应的结果表明，Zn,W,Cu的加入，增加了催化剂的脱氢中心强度，Cr,Ni的加入，增加了催化剂的酸中心强度，酸中心和脱氢中心的加强有利于甲烷芳构化反应。     

甲烷在Mo/HZRP-1催化剂上无氧脱氢芳构化反应Ⅰ.Mo/HZRP-1催化剂的催化性能和积炭行为

用高 硅含磷五 员环 沸 石 分子 筛（ 商 品 代号 Ｈ Ｚ Ｒ Ｐ１） 作 为 载体 ，制 备 了 Ｍｏ／ Ｈ Ｚ Ｒ Ｐ１ 催化剂． 与 Ｍｏ／ Ｈ Ｚ Ｓ Ｍ５ 相比， Ｍｏ／ Ｈ Ｚ Ｒ Ｐ１ 对 甲烷无 氧脱氢芳 构化反 应也表现 出较好的 催化 性能 ． 实验过程 中，在反 应气中添 加 Ｎ２ 作 为内标 物，给出包 括甲烷 在 Ｍｏ／ Ｈ Ｚ Ｒ Ｐ１ 上 的结焦量 、转化率 及各产物选 择性在内 的总碳 物料平衡 计算结果 ． 考 察了不同 Ｍｏ 担 载量对催 化剂性 能和 积炭 行为 的影响； 重点考察 了不同 温度焙烧 后２０ ％ Ｍｏ／ Ｈ Ｚ Ｒ Ｐ１ 催化剂 的性能和 积炭行 为． 在 反应的初 始阶段 ，６ ％ Ｍｏ／ Ｈ Ｚ Ｒ Ｐ１ 表 现出 很 高 的 活 性： 反 应 进 行 ３０ ｍｉｎ 时， 甲 烷 转 化 率 为 １１ ％ ， 芳 烃 选 择 性 达８１ ％ ， 而催化 剂的结焦 选择性 仅为１２ ％ ． Ｂ Ｅ Ｔ， Ｎ Ｈ３ Ｔ Ｐ Ｄ 和 催 化反 应等 表 征结 果表 明： Ｍｏ 物种的数量 和状态， 分子筛的 酸强度和 酸量以 及分子筛 的孔道 结构是 决定 甲烷 无氧 脱氢 芳构 化反 应性能和积 炭行为 的关键因 素．     

FT－IR和程序升温热谱技术研究Mo／HZSM－5催化剂的制备过程

采用ＦＴ－ＩＲ和程序升温热谱技术研究了Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂的制备过程．结果表明Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５样品在合适的温度下焙烧一定时间，Ｍｏ物种与ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛的酸中心（主要是强酸中心）起作用，并且一部分Ｍｏ物种会迁移到分子筛孔道内．在外表面的Ｍｏ物种和在孔道内强酸中心作用的Ｍｏ物种，可能是对甲烷活化起作用的     

Fe-Mo/KZSM-5上甲醇氧化为甲醛的研究

采用浸渍法制备了ＦｅＭｏ／ＨＺＳＭ５和ＦｅＭｏ／ＫＺＳＭ５分子筛催化剂,利用ＮＨ３ＴＰＤ和Ｏ２ＴＰＤ对催化剂的表面酸性和吸附Ｏ２物种进行了表征,考察了温度、Ｍｏ／Ｆｅ摩尔比、空气／甲醇摩尔比及ＷＨＳＶ对催化性能的影响．实验结果表明,在ＦｅＭｏ／ＫＺＳＭ５催化剂上,适宜的反应条件下,甲醇转化率接近１００％,甲醛选择性达到９０６％．同时还进行了９６ｈ的催化剂的稳定性实验     

甲烷在MoO_3／HZSM－5分子筛催化剂上的非氧催化转化

研究了反应温度、空速、Ｍｏ担载量和焙烧温度对ＭｏＯ３／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂上甲烷的芳构化反应的影响．ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛的Ｂｒｏｎｓｔｅｄ酸性、孔道结构和Ｍｏ在分子筛中的分布是影响催化性能的重要因素．ＨＺＳＭ－５上Ｍｏ担载量为２～３％时活性最佳，在１０１３Ｋ反应温度下甲烷转化率可达９％，芳烃选择性大于９０％．空速影响的实验表明乙烯是反应的初始产物．在此基础上提出了＂甲烷酸助异裂活化＂的新概念、＂金属钼类碳烯中间物＂的新观点和甲烷芳构化的可能机理．     

HZSM-5结晶度和晶粒度对甲烷无氧芳构化催化剂性能的影响

使用高能球磨机通过研磨法制备了Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂，对不同球磨时间下的催化剂结构进行了表征，并考察了其催化甲烷芳构化性能。结果表明，球磨使ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛的粒度变小，且使Ｍｏ与骨架发生了同晶置换，导致ＺＳＭ－５骨架破坏；球磨时间越长，结晶度越低，其催化甲烷芳构化活性和苯选择性越差。因此，较高的结晶度和较大的晶粒度对甲烷的无氧芳构化反应更有利。     

添加Ru的Mo/HZSM-5催化体系上的甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化

研究了在Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ５催化剂中添加过渡金属阳离子以改变催化剂的反应性能，提高甲烷无氧脱氢芳构化的反应活性和稳定性．在添加第二组分的催化剂中，ＭｏＲｕ／ＨＺＳＭ５具有最佳的反应活性和稳定性．Ｒｕ的加入使甲烷的转化率由原来的６％～７％提高到９８％．采用比表面积及孔分布测定，Ｘ射线衍射，程序升温还原，程序升温氨脱附和差热分析等表征方法研究了ＭｏＲｕ／ＨＺＳＭ５催化剂的物理化学性质．结果表明，Ｒｕ的加入引起Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ５催化剂强酸酸量的下降，并促进了Ｍｏ物种的还原．