垂直窄缝流道内过冷沸腾时的汽泡行为

通过高速摄像可视化研究发现,在p=1.3～2MPa时,F-12质初始汽泡在壁面以小于0.1m/s的低速滑动中生长。热流密度和断面平均过冷度等参数对初始汽泡影响较大,热流密度越高,沸腾越早发生;小汽泡(d=0.01～0.07mm)运动速度在0.1～0.2 m/s左右,而较大(d=0.1～0.3 mm)汽泡的运动速度在0.25～0.7m/s左右。较大汽泡聚合小汽泡的过程是汽泡从小汽泡生长为大汽泡乃至于汽层的主要形式。     

液滴碰撞对液膜内汽泡运动与换热影响

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了沸腾雾化喷射过程中热壁面薄液膜层受到液滴碰撞扰动时液膜层内汽泡运动,相界面变化和由此引起的壁面换热特性.模拟结果显示汽泡生长初期相界面变化与液膜层内二次核化特征与文献结果吻合良好,汽泡生长后期相界面变化存在滞后.讨论了液滴下降速度.液滴直径与初始位置,多液滴碰撞对液膜层内流动与壁面换热的影响.     

超音速蒸汽射流汽羽形状及压力分布的实验研究

本文针对喷嘴喉部直径为8 mm、出口直径为9.6 mm,压力为0.2～0.6 MPa的蒸汽在温度变化范围为20～70℃环境水中形成的超音速蒸汽浸没射流凝结进行了实验研究。实验观察到了五种典型的汽羽:渐缩形、膨胀-收缩形、双膨胀-收缩形、膨胀-收缩-发散形和发散形汽羽。实验测定了流场的压力分布并对轴线压力分布规律与汽羽凝结形态进行了对照分析;同时给出了流场的压力分布图,反映了流场中压力的影响范围随着蒸汽入口压力和过冷水温度的增加而逐渐扩大的规律。     

蒸汽旋转射流汽-液界面速度特性研究

本文实验研究了蒸汽旋转射流汽-液界面速度特性,界面动态行为通过可视化玻璃视窗和高速相机捕捉并记录,应用数字图像处理技术获取定量的界面速度特征。获得了汽-液界面轴向瞬态速度和周期变化规律及其特性,随着蒸汽质量流速的降低,界面波动速度幅度和波动周期逐渐增大;稳定流型、不稳定汽泡振荡流型和不稳定间歇振荡流型顺次出现。统计分析了汽-液界面的轴向波动速度及其标准差,发现随着过冷水温度与波动速度的最大值及波动速度的峰度呈正相关,过冷水温升高加剧了界面不稳定性。界面径向平均波动速度与凝结流型高度相关,平均波动速度在亚音速区存在一个峰值。     

变质量流率蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性研究

本文对变质量流率蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性开展了实验研究,发现蒸汽质量流率随时间延长呈指数规律下降。蒸汽射流凝结经历了稳定凝结、振荡凝结、过渡喘振和喘振四个阶段,射流初始水温越高,各个凝结区域转换点对应的蒸汽质量流率越高。在不同的凝结区域,蒸汽质量流率和过冷水温度对振荡特性的影响程度不同。相同蒸汽质量流率时,初始水温越高振荡频率越小。振荡强度均方根值和峰值均在凝结振荡区达到最大,且初始水温越高,最大值对应的蒸汽质量流率越高,振荡强度峰值最高可达70 kPa。     

蒸汽浸没射流凝结引起的冲击特性研究

本文在广泛的蒸汽压力和过冷水温度范围内,针对饱和蒸汽通过不同出口直径的喷嘴在过冷水中浸没射流凝结引起的压力冲击特性进行了实验研究,测量得到了不同轴向位置和径向位置的冲击压力,并分析了入口蒸汽压力,过冷水温度和喷嘴出口直径对冲击压力的影响规律。结果表明冲击压力主要受入口蒸汽压力和过冷水温度的影响;同时,当汽水参数以及无量纲轴向和径向距离相同时,不同出口直径的喷嘴对应的冲击压力变化很小,从而表明喷嘴出口直径对压力冲击影响很小。     

微通道中水蒸气凝结过程流型变化的分子动力学研究

本文建立了外力作用下流体流动和凝结过程的分子动力学模型.在蒸汽压力为3.7177 MPa时,模拟得到了不同外力条件下水蒸气凝结过程的流型,分别为环状流、射状流、塞状流、泡状流、带有小汽泡的液体流,模拟结果与相关文献中实验流型吻合较好.模拟发现水蒸气在0.3833 MPa压力下凝结时,出现一种新的波动流流型.最后对凝结过程中流型间转换机理进行了讨论.     

起伏条件下不稳定射流压力振荡特性实验研究

蒸汽在过冷水中浸没射流凝结技术因其高效换热特性被广泛应用于陆地和海洋场景下的电力和核工业等许多工业领域中,但蒸汽凝结过程中汽液相界面变化会产生压力振荡。本文对起伏条件下不稳定射流的压力振荡特性进行了实验研究,获得了不同起伏参数对压力振荡特性的影响。结果表明,相比于静止条件下,不稳定射流在起伏运动下的压力振荡主频与压力振荡平均幅值更大,并且压力振荡主频和压力振荡平均幅值随着起伏幅值的增大而增大,随着起伏周期的增大而减小;起伏最大加速度幅度随着起伏周期的减小和起伏幅值的增大而增大,斯特劳哈尔数随着起伏最大附加加速度的增大而增大。     

窄流道内压力对汽泡动力学特性的影响

本文采用流道间隙为2 mm和2.5 mm的实验段,以水为工质,对流动过冷沸腾时不同压力下汽泡动力学特性进行了研究.发现在较高压力下,壁面要达到更高的过热度才会出现汽泡,汽泡生长时间更长,汽泡直径较小,生长速度较低;较高压力下生长的汽泡成串排列在加热壁面上,其沿壁面滑移距离随着过冷度和热流密度的增加而增大.较高压力下小汽泡容易发生滑移现象的原因在于高压力使气泡的直径减小,导致气泡的受力发生改变,而使气泡的行为发生改变.     

横荡条件下不稳定射流压力振荡主频实验研究

蒸汽浸没射流具有高效的传热传质特性,在核反应堆等相关系统中有重要应用,但其凝结过程会产生压力振荡,危及相关设备的安全稳定运行。本研究对横荡条件下不稳定射流的压力振荡主频进行了实验研究,获得了不同横荡参数对压力振荡主频的影响规律。研究结果表明,横荡条件下不稳定射流的压力振荡主频高于静止条件下,在横荡周期为2 s,横荡幅值为70 mm时,压力振荡主频最大增幅达到102.7%,并且压力振荡主频随着横荡周期和过冷水温度的增加而减小,随着横荡幅值的增加而增加。     

Numerical study on the desorption processes of oil droplets inside oil-contaminated sand under cavitation micro-jets

The removal of the adsorbed oil droplet is critical to deoiling treatment of oil-bearing solid waste. Ultrasonic cavitation is regarded as an extremely useful method to assist the oil droplets desorption in the deoiling treatment. In this paper, the effects of cavitation micro-jets on the oil droplets desorption were studied. The adsorbed states of oil droplets in the oil-contaminated sand were investigated using a microscope. Three representative absorbed states of the oil droplets can be summarized as: (1) the individual oil droplet adsorbed on the particle surface (2) the clustered oil droplets adsorbed on the particle surface; (3) the oil droplet adsorbed in a gap between particles. The micro-jet generation during the bubble collapse near a rigid wall under different acoustic pressure amplitudes at an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz was investigated numerically. The desorption processes of the oil droplets at the three representative absorbed states under micro-jets were also simulated subsequently. The results showed that the acoustic pressure has a great influence on the velocity of micro-jet, and the initial diameter of cavitation bubbles is significant for the cross-sectional area of micro-jets. The wall jet caused by a micro-jet impacting on the solid wall is the most important factor for the removal of the absorbed oil droplets. The oil droplet is broken by the jet impinging, and then it breaks away from the solid wall due to the shear force generated by the wall jet. In addition to a higher sound pressure, the cavitation bubble at a larger initial diameter is more important for the desorption of the clustered oil droplets. Conversely, the micro-jet generated by the cavitation bubble at a smaller initial diameter (0.1 mm) is more appropriate for the desorption of the oil droplet in a narrow or sharp-angled gap.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND BURNOUT IN CONDITION OF NONUNIFORM MEGAWATT HEAT FLUXES

Burnout is investigated in tubes under nonuniform heating on the perimeter. Data on heat transfer and critical heat flux (q_cht) in the case of water were obtained for ranges of mass velocity pw = 200-3000 kg/m₂ s, pressure p = 0.1-1 MPa, and inlet water temperature T = 25-98°C. The test section was a horizontal copper tube of 21 mm outer diameter, 8 mm inner diameter with a technically smooth surface and heat transfer-intensifying twisted tape and porous sintered coating. The test section was heated by bombardment with electrons. It is established that a redistribution of heat fluxes and an increase of wall temperature fluctuations occur at burnout. The range of regime parameters to prevent burnout of a heat transfer surface is determined.     

激光空泡特性实验与数值计算研究

基于激光空泡内物质以水蒸气为主的特征,选择特定的Rayleigh-Plesset方程形式,确定激光空泡的动态泡壁位置,并考虑水中气体与激光空泡之间的质量扩散、水蒸气的凝结与蒸发、水的压缩性及热传导、声辐射、黏性、表面张力等因素.建立激光空泡的产生、照相和声压测量系统.通过数值计算与实验结果相结合的办法,使泡内压力的计算值与实验值之间相对误差控制在10%以内,揭示吸收的激光脉冲能量与激光空泡的半径、泡内压力和温度之间的对应关系,以及吸收的激光脉冲能量不变时半径、压力和温度的变化规律.旨在为激光空泡的相关研究提供一定的参考. 关键词： 激光空泡 水蒸气 数值模拟 Rayleigh-Plesset方程     

过冷沸腾中的局域气泡和射流的动态行为

本文以10 mm直径加热钢管为研究对象,通过大量可视化的实验研究,对核态过冷沸腾中的气泡动力学行为以及射流现象进行了描述和分析。在实验中我们观察到泡顶射流和核态射流的竞争,双射流,“液洞”现象等一些特殊的沸腾现象。射流的泵吸作用、汽泡表面相变换热、Marangoni效应等是导致射流和气泡结构演化的根本原因。     

金属熔体中气泡形核的理论分析

引入界面接触角，考虑表面张力对气泡形貌的影响，以熔体中均质形核、夹杂物的平表面上异质形核和圆锥形凹坑内异质形核三种典型模型对气泡形核机理进行理论研究.研究发现，三种形核模型下具有相等的微米量级的气泡临界形核半径，并随气压的增大而减小.结果表明，用以制备藕状规则多孔金属的Gasar工艺中能够形成的最小气孔的直径为微米量级(0.1—1.0 MPa气压).在圆锥形凹坑内异质形核时存在最佳圆锥顶角(对应最小气泡体积)，其值与气压无关，只随接触角的增大而增大.在接触角处于90°—180°范围内，最佳圆锥顶角下圆锥形 关键词： 气泡 形核 多孔金属 Gasar     

Experimental study of bubble departure characteristics in forced convective subcooled nucleate boiling

Visualization experiments in upward forced convective nucleate boiling flows were carried out. The bubble growth and collapse have been measured using high-speed photography technique with distilled water under atmospheric pressure. The experiments show that the bubbles depart from nucleating sites shortly after nucleation and slide along the heater surface. The bubbles grow while sliding, attain a maximum size, then lift from the surface sometime during condensation, and quickly vanish in the bulk liquid. Parametric studies show that bubble diameter and departure frequency increases with an increase in heat flux, a decrease in subcooling, and a decrease in mass flux.     

Study on bubble formation in non-Newtonian fluids by laser image technique

A laser image system for studying bubble formation at the orifice submerged in liquid was established. The process of bubble formation can be directly visualized and real-time recorded through computer by means of He–Ne laser as light source using the beam expanding and light amplification technique. The behaviors of bubble formation in polyacrylamide (PAM) aqueous solutions were investigated at temperature 293.15 K and orifice diameters 1, 1.5 and 2 mm, respectively, the chamber volume was 90 cm³ and the gas flowrate from 0.1 to 0.6 cm³/s. The influences of mass concentration of solution and orifice diameter on bubble detachment volume were investigated experimentally and the results show that bubble detachment volume increases with solution concentration and orifice diameter in the experimental range of this work.     

The interaction of shockwaves with a vapour bubble in boiling histotripsy: The shock scattering effect

Boiling histotripsy is a High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) technique which uses a number of short pulses with high acoustic pressures at the HIFU focus to induce mechanical tissue fractionation. In boiling histotripsy, two different types of acoustic cavitation contribute towards mechanical tissue destruction: a boiling vapour bubble and cavitation clouds. An understanding of the mechanisms underpinning these phenomena and their dynamics is therefore paramount to predicting and controlling the overall size of a lesion produced for a given boiling histotripsy exposure condition. A number of studies have shown the effects of shockwave heating in generating a boiling bubble at the HIFU focus and have studied its dynamics under boiling histotripsy insonation. However, not much is known about the subsequent production of cavitation clouds that form between the HIFU transducer and the boiling bubble. The main objective of the present study is to examine what causes this bubble cluster formation after the generation of a boiling vapour bubble. A numerical simulation of 2D nonlinear wave propagation with the presence of a bubble at the focus of a HIFU field was performed using the k-Wave MATLAB toolbox for time domain ultrasound simulations, which numerically solves the generalised Westervelt equation. The numerical results clearly demonstrate the appearance of the constructive interference of a backscattered shockwave by a bubble with incoming incident shockwaves. This interaction (i.e., the reflected and inverted peak positive phase from the bubble with the incoming incident rarefactional phase) can eventually induce a greater peak negative pressure field compared to that without the bubble at the HIFU focus. In addition, the backscattered peak negative pressure magnitude gradually increased from 17.4 MPa to 31.6 MPa when increasing the bubble size from 0.2 mm to 1.5 mm. The latter value is above the intrinsic cavitation threshold of –28 MPa in soft tissue. Our results suggest that the formation of a cavitation cloud in boiling histotripsy is a threshold effect which primarily depends (a) the size and location of a boiling bubble, and (b) the sum of the incident field and that scattered by a bubble.     

Analysis of high-frequency wind-driven ambient noise in shallow brackish water

Ambient noise spectra in a shallow brackish water environment were found to be steeper than expected at frequencies above 10 kHz. The high-frequency behavior of the spectra was resolved by modeling dispersion and noise in bubbly water. Bubble size distributions fitted to the brackish water spectra exhibit a distinctive maximum in the radius range 0.1-0.3 mm, and a substantial drop in bubble density below a radius of 0.1 mm. The brackish water distributions were tied to an oceanic spectrum with a spectral slope of 5.7 dB/octave obtained with a -3 / 2 power law dependence of bubble size density on radius.