不同酸性助剂水热合成钨酸铋的制备及光催化性能研究

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O、Na2WO4·2H2O为原料,NaOH为矿化剂,采用水热法合成Bi2WO6纳米晶体,并使用XRD、SEM、TEM、DRS和低温氮吸附等手段对样品进行表征,考察了其可见光降解RhB的催化性能,分析了不同酸性助剂CH3 COOH和HNO3对水热法合成Bi2WO6光催化剂的影响.实验结果表明,不同酸性助剂对Bi2WO6样品的形貌和可见光催化活性均有较大影响.HNO3的添加抑制了花状微球的形成,使Bi2WO6样品的紫外-可见光吸收边发生红移,比表面积增大.光催化测试结果表明,以HNO3为酸性助剂时所制备样品的光催化活性最高,添加CH3COOH则相对降低.     

三维分级花球结构Bi2WO6的制备及其光催化性能研究

以L-赖氨酸为模板剂,采用水热法成功制备出三维分级花球结构Bi2WO6光催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试方法对所制备样品进行了表征.研究了水热反应过中反应温度、时间及L-赖氨酸添加量等因素对样品形貌的影响,提出三维分级花球结构Bi2 WO6的可能形成机理.此外,以罗丹明B溶液为模拟染料废水,在模拟太阳光照射下考察了样品的光催化活性,结果表明:以L-赖氨酸为模板剂所制备的花球形Bi2WO6 (L-BWO)具有较高的光催化活性,与不添加模板剂情况下所制备的片状Bi2WO6 (BWO)相比,L-BWO光催化剂的降解效率约是BWO的1.5倍.     

不同形貌的钨酸铋纳米材料的制备及其光催化性能

利用水热法通过调节溶液pH值和表面活性剂CTAB浓度制备了不同结构与形貌的钨酸铋纳米材料,用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等测试方法对产物进行了结构与形貌的表征,并研究了不同结构与形貌的钨酸铋样品对甲基橙的可见光催化降解性能.结果表明,在低pH值时样品为Bi2WO6相纳米片,随着pH值的增加,样品中出现了Bi3.84W0.16O6.24相八面体纳米颗粒,高pH值时,样品则为纯Bi3.84W0.16O6.24相八面体颗粒.随着表面活性剂浓度的增加,Bi2WO6纳米片有自组装的趋势,最终形成花瓣状结构.光催化甲基橙实验结果表明不同形貌的钨酸铋样品对甲基橙有不同的催化降解活性,片状Bi2WO6相纳米片高于Bi3.84W0.16O6.24相八面体颗粒.     

不同形貌Bi2WO6的可控合成及光催化机理研究

采用水热、溶剂热的合成方法制备了Bi2WO6纳米材料,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和紫外–可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)研究了水热、表面活性剂、溶剂热制备方法及制备条件对Bi2WO6材料的形貌、结晶性、粒径等性质及Bi2WO6可见光催化性能的影响.结果表明:与水热法合成的圆片型和花瓣状Bi2WO6相比,醇热法合成的空心球形貌的Bi2WO6具有最高的光催化效果.随着焙烧温度升高,空心球逐渐塌陷,样品的光催化活性也大幅度下降.捕获剂活性实验表明,空心球Bi2WO6在光催化降解罗丹明B反应中的主要活性物种为空穴(h+)和超氧自由基(·O2-).     

n-n异质结Ag3PO4/Bi2WO6的制备及其增强的可见光活性

以片状Bi2 WO6为前驱体,采用沉淀法制备n-n异质结Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6复合材料.通过多种技术,像X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-vis/DRS)考察所制备样品的组成、结构、形貌和光吸收性质.Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6复合材料由球形Ag3 PO4和片层Bi2 WO6相互交织组成,形成n-n异质结.随后,以染料罗丹明B(RhB)和苯酚(Phen)为模型分子来评价光催化剂Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6的可见光催化性能.与单体相比,Ag3 PO4/Bi2 WO6复合材料显示出增强的可见光催化活性.n-n异质结的形成可扩宽可见光吸收范围,促进光生电子-空穴对的分离,进而提高复合材料的可见光催化效率.     

葡萄糖的加入量对C/Bi2WO6微晶的结构及可见光催化性能的影响

以葡萄糖(C6H12O6),分析纯硝酸铋(Bi(NO3)3·5H2O)和钨酸钠(Na2 WO4·2H2O)为原料,在简单的微波水热-煅烧条件下成功制备了形貌可控的交叉薄片状C/Bi2 WO6微晶.研究了反应体系中前驱物的不同摩尔比对产物的结构形貌以及光催化性能的影响.采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、EDS能谱分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM),Perkin Elmer Larnbda 950型紫外可见漫反射光谱仪和康塔公司NOVA 2200e型表面空隙度分析仪分别对产物的结构、形貌,光学性能以及氮吸附-脱附等温线进行表征.结果表明:当前驱物葡萄糖,硝酸铋和钨酸钠的摩尔比为1∶10∶5时,合成了形貌可控且具有较好可见光催化性能的C/Bi2WO6微晶,其禁带宽度为3.055 eV,在可见光照射240 min后对罗丹明B的降解效率可达到94.8;.     

球形Cu2O修饰Bi2WO6层状微球的制备及其光催化制取氢气和烷烃的研究

采用水热法制备了Bi2WO6层状微球,通过还原沉淀法在Bi2WO6层状微球内部薄片表面修饰纳米球形Cu2O而制备Cu2O/Bi2WO6复合催化剂.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-visDRS)、荧光光谱(PL)等对复合光催化剂的晶体结构、形貌、光响应性能等进行表征.在Cu2O/Bi2WO6中,100nm左右Cu2O不均匀地附着在1.5μmBi2WO6层状微球的内部的纳米薄片上.通过Cu2O的复合,可以显著提高Cu2O/Bi2WO6对紫外-可见光谱的吸收能力、光生电子-空穴对的分离效率及光催化活性.以丙酸为电子供体,考察了紫外光照射下Cu2O/Bi2WO6分解水制备氢气和烷烃的性能,结果表明:5wt;Cu2O/Bi2WO6的光催化产生氢气和烷烃的性能最佳.     

蛋挞状Bi_2WO_6催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和Na2WO3·2H2O为原料,CTAB为结构导向剂,在混合溶剂热法条件下合成了由纳米片组成的蛋挞状Bi2WO6晶体的新颖结构。采用XRD、FESEM、HRTEM、Raman、BET、UV-DRS等对产品进行表征。结果表明,产物为正交晶系钨铋矿型结构的蛋挞状Bi2WO6晶体,结晶度良好,其直径约为0.5~1μm。相比未添加CTAB制备的片状Bi2WO6颗粒,蛋挞状Bi2WO6样品的拉曼光特征峰、紫外-可见光吸收边发生红移,其能带隙减小至2.48 eV,比表面积增大。可见光催化降解甲基橙溶液的结果表明,蛋挞状Bi2WO6光催化效率高,可见光或太阳光照射15 min、浓度为10 mg·L-1甲基橙溶液的脱色率为100%,COD去除率为98.2%,循环使用5次之后其光催化活性并没有明显降低。     

F和Cu共掺杂Bi2WO6水热法合成及可见光催化性能

通过一步水热法制备了F和Cu共掺Bi2WO6样品.用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)对其进行表征.XPS确定了Cu2+、Cu+和F-共存于Bi2WO6晶格中.F和Cu掺杂使Bi2WO6样品光学带隙变小,扩大对可见光响应范围.在室内弱自然光照下,1; F-2; Cu-Bi2WO6样品催化活性最好,在150 min内对RhB的降解效率达到97.4;.这种利用室内弱自然光驱动降解反应不需要额外消耗资源的光源,因此它是一种绿色节能的环境清洁策略.     

可磁分离的"核-壳"结构Fe3O4@SiO2/Bi2WO6/Ag2O催化材料的制备及光催化性能研究

采用沉淀-沉积法制备了磁性Fe3O4@SiO2/Bi2 WO6/Ag2O催化材料,利用XRD、SEM和UV-Vis-DRS光谱对其组成、形貌和光吸收特性进行表征.以氙灯模拟可见光,以罗丹明B为模拟污染物对所得催化剂进行性能评价,考察了不同Ag2O复合量对Bi2WO6光催化剂反应活性的影响.结果表明,Fe3O4@SiO2/Bi2WO6/Ag2O的光催化活性明显优于纯Bi2 WO6,当Ag2 O的复合量为0.6;时,催化剂的活性最好.催化剂的活性增强增强机理分析表明,Ag2O的复合有效地降低了Bi2WO6的光生电子-空穴复合率,增加了Bi2WO6的可见光吸收范围.此外,该催化材料可进行磁分离,易于回收重复利用.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.