氨基硝基苯并二氧化呋咱与二甲基甲酰胺分子加合物的制备和晶体结构

氨基硝基苯并二氧化呋咱 (ANBDF)可与二甲基甲酰胺 (DMF)形成稳定的分子加合物 (两者摩尔比为 1∶1) ,未见文献报道 .报道了该加合物的合成、晶体结构、晶体学数据和结构参数 .该加合物为淡黄色透明晶体 ,其中ANBDF与DMF分子以氢键结合 ,属单斜晶系 ,空间群P2 1 /n .     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷与二甲基甲酰胺分子加合物的制备、 性能及晶体结构

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)可与二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)形成稳定的分子加合物(两者分子比为1:2)。首次报道了该加合物的晶体结构、晶体学数据和结构参数。该加合物为无色透明片状晶体,属三斜晶系,空间群Pi。在该加合物中,HNIW与DMF分子以范德华力结合,彼此间不存在氨键或偶极作用。     

苯并-15-冠-5的配位性能研究

苯并-15-冠-5苦味酸钠配合物单晶由丙酮-乙醇(1:1)溶液中得到,晶体属单斜空间群C_2h⁵-P₂₁/n,晶体学数据:a=11.134(3)Å,6=13.541(3)Å,c=14.927(4)Å,β=93.41(2)°Å,V=2246.4ų,Z=4,晶体结构由直接法解出,晶体结构分析结果表明,与苯环共轭的芳醚氧原子上的电子密度可通过苯环而转移。     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷与二甲基甲酰胺分子加合物的制备、性能及晶体结构

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)可与二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)形成稳定的分子加合物(两者分子比为1:2)。首次报道了该加合物的晶体结构、晶体学数据和结构参数。该加合物为无色透明片状晶体,属三斜晶系,空间群Pi。在该加合物中,HNIW与DMF分子以范德华力结合,彼此间不存在氢键或偶极作用。     

N-(1-萘基)-琥珀酰亚胺化合物晶体结构的理论预测

用Materials Studio软件对N-(1-萘基)-琥珀酰亚胺多晶粉末的X射线衍射数据进行衍射峰指标化、晶胞参数优化和空间群搜索等理论计算, 可以确定晶体结构所属的晶系和空间群, 并初步给出和多晶粉末衍射数据相近的晶胞参数; 在已确定空间群范围内, 以密度泛函理论计算得到的最低能量构象作为初始分子结构, 对N-(1-萘基)-琥珀酰亚胺多晶进行晶体结构理论预测, 给出一系列假定的晶胞参数, 从中可以找到和经上述计算给出的晶胞参数一致的晶体结构；对其进行晶胞参数优化后, 得到晶体结构具有和多晶粉末X射线衍射数据相近的衍射曲线, 并与已有的单晶数据相吻合.     

花球状二硫化钒的制备及其储锂研究

采用一步水热法并添加表面活性剂聚乙二醇400制备出花球状二硫化钒,利用X射线粉末衍射仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜等方法对产物的物相和形貌进行了表征. 观测生长过程发现花球状二硫化钒由若干六边形二硫化钒纳米片堆叠穿插组成,该花球状结构使材料拥有较高的比表面积及出色的结构稳定性. 将花球状二硫化钒用于锂离子电池正极材料测试,结果表明花球状二硫化钒在电压区间为1 ~ 3 V,电流密度为200 mA·g^-1时具有出色的循环稳定性且循环50周之后容量可达450 mAh·g^-1.     

X射线晶体学在高等教育中的通识性

X射线晶体学是一门研究物质晶体结构的科学,X射线衍射技术已成为当今化学、材料、生命等众多科学领域中对物质结构研究的必要手段与方法。本文从X射线晶体学的诞生、发展和迅速普及的角度,谈谈X射线晶体学的发展历程对人类文明的贡献,以及X射线晶体学在当今高等教育中的重要性,从而阐述在高等学校通识教育中加强与推广X射线晶体学的必要性与可行性。     

介绍一种关于四重映轴S4及四重反轴I4独立性的简洁推导

分子点群与晶体学点群是结构化学教学重要内容之一,同时也是教学的一个难点。学生经常提出“为何只有S₄轴及I₄轴是独立的,而其余映轴及反轴均是非独立的;在描述分子对称性时为何选用映轴,而描述晶体对称性时则选用反轴”等问题。本文从循环群的生成元出发,得到映轴群S_n及反轴群I_n的对称操作群元素。根据映轴是否可以用其他对称元素代替,或对称操作群是否可以表示为两个子群的直积的性质,推导出当n≤6时只有S₄及I₄是独立的结论。这种推导方式避免了图形说明繁琐和抽象,有利于学生从定义推导上理解对称元素的独立性,便于教学中推广。     

一硼化铪的晶体结构预测与构效关系基因

利用基于进化算法的晶体结构预测软件USPEX,并结合第一性原理方法对HfB的稳定晶体结构进行全局搜索。在基态条件下,新发现2个HfB晶体结构(空间群:P6m2和R3m)。其中,P6m2结构比已报道的Hf B晶体结构(空间群:Pnma、Cmcm、I41/amd和Fm3m)具有最低的基态能量。这些结构中,B原子分别以二维类石墨烯(P6m2和R3m结构),zig-zag链(Pnma、Cmcm和41/amd结构)和孤立原子(Fm3m结构)3种形式存在,从而导致它们具有显著的化学键合特征、高温稳定性和强韧特性差异。     

关于空间群判断失误的扎记 V.晶系不变情况下的非心群修正

我们发表胡盛志教授的“札记” ,一是想提醒晶体结构工作者们在晶体结构测定过程对空间群的指定应十分小心 ,尽量减少差错 ;同时也想借此透露一些国外同行在纠正空间群测定差错这一方面的工作 ,引起国内同行关注和响应。至于胡教授“札记”的论证方法的客观性 ,论据的充分性等 ,因纯系个人的见解 ,十分欢迎有不同意见者结合实例来稿进行讨论。     

Crystallographic modelling

Summary The project on crystallographic modelling aims at extending the application of interactive graphics to inorganic structures. Starting from the available expertise in organic and protein modelling, the symmetry of the crystal structure is used not only to draw fixed models of many unit cells of the structure, which as an entity can be interactively manipulated, but also to change details of the structures interactively with retention of the original symmetry. Real-time shifts of atom positions are automatically applied to all symmetryequivalent atoms given the symmetry constraints. This also applies to translations and rotations of groups of atoms. In order to get feedback about these structural changes one can simulate powder diffraction patterns in real-time mode and compare them with the experimental powder patterns. These features are crucial in truly crystallographic modelling, but have not been implemented before in other programs. The program can be used in combination with standard molecular modelling programs and is also interfaced to the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. Before describing the realization of these features on state-of-the-art hardware, we will review the expertise in molecular modelling and discuss an MS-DOS program to study inorganic crystal structures.     

Crystallographic Groups Prediction from Chemical Composition via Deep Learning

Crystallographic group is an important character to describe the crystal structure, but it is difficult to identify the crystallographic group of crystal when only chemical composition is given. Here, we present a machine-learning method to predict the crystallographic group of crystal structure from its chemical formula. 34528 stable compounds in 230 crystallographic groups are investigated, of which 72% of data set are used as training set, 8% as validation set, and 20% as test set. Based on the results of machine learning, we present a model which can obtain correct crystallographic group in the top-1, top-5, and top-10 results with the estimated accuracy of 60.8%, 76.5%, and 82.6%, respectively. In particular, the performance of deep-learning model presents high generalization through comparison between validation set and test set. Additionally, 230 crystallographic groups are classified into 19 new labels, denoting 18 heavily represented crystallographic groups with each containing more than 400 compounds and one combination group of remaining compounds in other 212 crystallographic groups. A deep-learning model trained on 19 new labels yields a promising result to identify crystallographic group with the estimated accuracy of 72.2%. Our results provide a promising approach to identify crystallographic group of crystal structures only from their chemical composition.     

Structural characteristics of some metallo-organic discogens

We have recently analysed the crystal and molecular structures of six metalloorganic discogens with substituted β-diketone ligands. The molecules consist of a rigid 11 atom core and a fringe made up of four phenyl rings substituted with alkyl/alkoxy chains. In complex (i), with four octyloxy chains, there are four oxygen atoms around the core. Complex (ii) is asymmetrically substituted with two heptyloxy and two heptyl chains and therefore has two oxygen atoms and complexes (iii) to (vi) have only alkyl chains and hence no oxygen atoms around the core. The metal atom used for coordination has been chosen as Cu/Pd/Ni. Determination of the crystal and molecular structures of these discogens has led to the identification of the following similarities: (1) All the six discogens crystallize in the triclinic space group P1. The recurrence of the space group may be correlated with the structural requirements for efficient packing of the molecules in the crystal lattice. (2) The coordination around the metal atom is square planar. (3) The 11 atom core is only nearly planar. (4) The phenyl rings and the chains are tilted with respect to the core. (5) The molecular conformation in the crystal confers a nearly rectangular shape to these discogens. (6) The chains are fully extended in an all trans conformation. (7) The molecular arrangement is tilted columnar except for the crystal structure of complex (ii).

In addition to the similarities, distinct differences in the crystal structural characteristics have also been observed. For example, when oxygen atoms are present in the fringe, the molecules have no crystallographic symmetry and they tend to pair. In the crystal structure of (i) where the repeat unit along the column is a molecular pair, the metal atoms are distributed in a zig-zag fashion. In the other crystals with columnar arrangement, the metal atoms are stacked one over another. Complex (ii) has a layer-like molecular arrangement in the crystalline phase.     

Investigation on photochromism of 1,2-bis(1,4-dimethyl-2-phenyl)perfluorocyclopentene

The photochromic diarylethene, 1,2-bis(1,4-dimethyl-2-phenyl)perfluorocyclopentene has been synthesized and its single crystal can be obtained in hexane at -4℃. The structure of diphenylperluorocyclopentene bearing C2/c space group and monoclinic crystal system is very different from that of dithienylperfluorocyclopentene derivatives bearing Pī space group and triclinic crystal system by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The compound undergoes the phototchromic reaction in solution but no optical activity in single crystal. In addition, its optimum conformation in solvent is also discussed.     

Betaine 0.77‐perhydrate 0.23‐hydrate and common structural motifs in crystals of amino acid perhydrates

The title compound, betaine 0.77‐perhydrate 0.23‐hydrate, (CH₃)₃N⁺CH₂COO⁻·0.77H₂O₂·0.23H₂O, crystallizes in the orthorhombic noncentrosymmetric space group Pca2₁. Chiral molecules of hydrogen peroxide are positionally disordered with water molecules in a ratio of 0.77:0.23. Betaine, 2‐(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate, preserves its zwitterionic state, with a positively charged ammonium group and a negatively charged carboxylate group. The molecular conformation of betaine here differs from the conformations of both anhydrous betaine and its hydrate, mainly in the orientation of the carboxylate group with respect to the C—C—N skeleton. Hydrogen peroxide is linked via two hydrogen bonds to carboxylate groups, forming infinite chains along the crystallographic a axis, which are very similar to those in the crystal structure of betaine hydrate. The present work contributes to the understanding of the structure‐forming factors for amino acid perhydrates, which are presently attracting much attention. A correlation is suggested between the ratio of amino acid zwitterions and hydrogen peroxide in the unit cell and the structural motifs present in the crystal structures of all currently known amino acids perhydrates. This can help to classify the crystal structures of amino acid perhydrates and to design new crystal structures.     

Crystal shapes of cubic mesophases in pure and mixed carboxylic acids observed by optical microscopy

Two different cubic phases in pure (Ia3d cubic space group) and mixed (Im3m cubic space group) thermotropic carboxylic acids are observed by optical microscopy. In unpolarized light, the presence of the cubic phases is identified unambiguously by the observation of facetted single crystals with highly symmetrical shapes. The observed crystal habits are growth shapes, rather than equilibrium shapes. The facetting is described, both at the interfaces with air and with the isotropic liquid phase. The facets correspond to various reticular planes that are discussed in relation with crystallographic data.     

The Crystal Structure of Isosteviol

The title compound was prepared and its crystal structure was determined using X-ray crystallographic method. The crystal is orthorhombic, space group is P212121 with a= 1. 1114(2) nm, b=1.7677(3) nm, c=1.8312(3) nm; Z=8. The geometric structure and conformation of the title compound obtained by MMX molecular mechanics calculation are in agreement with those obtained from X-ray determination.     

Kristallographische Gruppe-Untergruppe-Beziehungen und ihre Anwendung in der Kristallchemie

Crystallographic Group-subgroup Relations and their Use in Crystal Chemistry Family trees of crystallographic group-subgroup relations are especially suited to display relationships among crystal structure types. Starting from an aristotype, a simple, highly symmetrical structure type, more and more complicated structures are obtained by reducing the space group symmetry. In doing so, it is important to keep trace of how the occupied Wyckoff positions develop from a space group to its subgroups and which coordinate transformations and origin shifts occur. The neccessary information can by obtained from the new volume A1 of International Tables for Crystallography. Possible error sources are demonstrated with the aid of examples. When a Wyckoff position is split into different symmetry-independent Wyckoff positions, substitution derivatives become possible. If the position does not split, its site symmetry must be reduced, thus rendering possible distorted derivative structures. Such distortions are of special importance in phase transitions, as shown with the examples K₂[TeBr₆], (NO)₂[TiCl₆] and SrCu₂(BO₃)₂. Phase transitions involving a symmetry reduction are likely to produce twinned crystals. This can be the cause of errors in crystal structure determinations, as shown with the example of CaMnF₅. The possible ways to occupy voids in sphere packings can be followed and calculated systematically, including the possibility to predict crystal structures. Sometimes the indices of the symmetry reduction take values that seem curious, such as 13 for CZr₆I₁₂ and 37 for PtCl₃. The systematic application is also possible to molecular packings, such as to the modifications of P₄S₃. Tetraphenylphosphonium salts often crystallize in the space group P4/n or its subgroups, retaining pseudotetragonal symmetry even in monoclinic and triclinic structures.