论能源利用的评价基准

本文主要分析和论证建立能源利用评价基准的有关问题,目的在于为从总能系统的伞局定量分析节能减排的效果或潜力提供理论依据.本文分析了一般化能源利用系统的构成和特性,阐述了能源利卅的单耗分析方法和评价原则.分析了能源利用的三个层面以及它们作为评价基准所具有的特性,指出应以电网主力机组之供电燃料单耗为能源利用的评价基准,推导了热电联产总能系统的临界热电比和节能条件.证明能源利用存在统一的评价基准,不解决能源利用的评价基准问题,有关总能系统节能的问题将永远纠缠不清.     

单耗分析理论与结构系数法的对比分析

本文简要阐述了结构系数法和能源利用的单耗分析理论,并针对链式系统进行了初步的对比分析;尽管都是基于热力学第二定律的分析方法,并且它们的结果有一定的相似性,但结构系数法存在某些错误。比较而言,单耗分析理论显得更全面,也更实用。本文以锅炉供热系统为对象进行了详细的单耗分析,对系统中间子系统的(火用)耗损变化所带来的影响进行了详细的分析,结果证明结构系数法所作的“某一子系统(火用)效率变化,其他子系统(火用)效率不变”的假设是不恰当的, 其结论也是不准确的。     

单耗分析理论与超(超)临界机组机炉参数匹配问题研究

本文简要介绍了能源利用的单耗分析理论,并将其应用于锅炉和发电机组,推导出其第二定律效率.结果显示锅炉不仅取决于其热效率,更重要的是取决于其热产品的品位.省煤器一直是锅炉必备设备,但分析发现其间工质吸热过程是发电厂热力循环的低温部分,称之为省煤器名不副实,它的存在甚至成为机炉参数优化匹配、提高锅炉和发电机组第二定律效率的制约因素.因此本文根据单耗分析理论,提出去掉锅炉省煤器,并开展了机炉参数优化配置问题研究,探讨了进一步提高机组发电效率的途径.     

单耗分析案例

单耗分析案例宋之平,李洪涛（华北电力大学研究生部北京１０００８５）关键词能量系统,节能降耗,经济学１概述“单耗分析”以单耗为主要指标,以科学而直观的方式展示燃料单耗和成本的构成、分布和变化的图景以及影响因素,以便对改善设计、优化运行、促进管理科学化、...     

二次再热机组不同抽汽过热度热能利用方案性能比较

针对二次再热机组回热抽汽过热度偏高的问题,对机组加装两级外置式蒸汽冷却器(方案1)和集成回热式汽轮机(方案2)这两种降低抽汽过热度的方案进行比较研究。对变工况下两种方案中各级抽汽的过热度进行对比分析,并基于单耗分析理论计算和分析了两种方案机组的能耗分布。结果表明:方案2可以有效降低多级抽汽的过热度;在不同负荷下,方案2机组的单耗均低于方案1,THA工况时机组单耗低至256.095 g/kWh。     

NdFeB永磁轨道上方YBaCuO块材的悬浮稳定性与场冷位置间关系

如何获得稳定悬浮是高温超导磁悬浮系统的一个重大问题.高温超导体在外磁场中所受的悬浮力和导向力是两个衡量系统悬浮稳定性的重要参数.本文实验研究了场冷情况下NdFeB永磁轨道上方YBaCuO块材在竖直运动和水平运动时所受悬浮力和导向力的情况,并且根据Bean模型开发了数值计算程序用于悬浮力和导向力的计算分析.不同竖直场冷高度下计算值和实验值获得了较好的一致性.实验结果和计算结果都显示出永磁轨道场中高温超导体所受的两个力与其场冷历史有着密切的关系,也就是说超导体的悬浮稳定性受场冷历史影响程度较大.不同的竖直场冷高度,其最大悬浮力的变化趋势和最大导向力的变化趋势相反.较小的水平场冷位置导致了较大的导向力和较大的磁滞.根据上述结果,为了获得较优的悬浮稳定性,本文推荐了可行的场冷高度范围和有效的高温超导体组合方式.     

多变边界火电机组能耗基准状态表征方法

运行于多变边界条件下给火电机组深度节能研究带来新的挑战。本文基于单耗分析理论,突破传统单一基准值概念,综合考虑机组运行边界条件、运行操作水平和设备性能状况等因素,探索机组能耗基准状态的科学表征方法。将机组能耗与描述机组特性的参数空间相对应,从参数、设备、子系统和机组等层面确定能耗作用规律,构建以机组单耗为优化目标的能耗基准状态表征模型,并应用于某600 MW超临界机组中。研究表明,火电机组的能耗基准状态与设备特性、边界条件、运行工况和操作水平密切相关,能耗基准状态的确定对机组全工况节能诊断与运行优化具有重要意义。     

超导磁悬浮力的理论研究与实验分析

本文通过理论研究和实验分析了超导磁悬浮力的变化规律.首先,基于超导体局部模型,从理论上建立了永磁-超导系统磁悬浮力的计算方法,得到的悬浮力为实用高温超导体的最大磁悬浮力,为判断超导块材的性能提供理论依据.利用该方法全面分析了系统参数对磁悬浮力的影响,结果与实验结果吻合,为超导磁悬浮系统的优化设计提供重要的理论指导.其次,采用基于超导体临界态Bean模型的有限元法仿真分析了超导块材磁悬浮力变化的规律.最后,在西北有色金属研究院的超导磁悬浮力测试台上对超导块材在不同场冷条件下的磁悬浮力变化进行了测试,对仿真结果进行了验证,并得到不同冷却方式、不同的场冷高度对超导磁悬浮力的影响.这些结论为超导块材的实际应用提供了重要的理论依据.     

高保真物理-热工耦合计算方法研究及应用

反应堆高保真物理-热工耦合计算可以更准确、更详细地模拟和预测反应堆堆芯行为，从而进一步提高核反应堆的安全性和经济性。基于精确的几何建模与高精度的中子学计算方法，通过耦合pin-by-pin子通道热工水力计算，进行了高保真中子学和物理-热工耦合计算方法研究，研制了反应堆高保真物理-热工耦合计算程序NECP-X/CTF。在此基础上分析了燃料棒导热模型、间隙导热率等计算模型对高保真物理-热工耦合计算结果的影响，最终将耦合系统应用于大型压水堆关键安全参数的计算。结果表明，高保真物理-热工耦合不但可以获得精确的宏观参数，还可以获得精细的燃料棒功率、燃料棒温度等精细参数。     

复间冷机组高温时段汽轮机排汽真空优化管理

本文基于复合制冷循环间接空冷(复间冷)系统的结构组成和传热过程,定性分析了环境气温对干、湿冷机组排汽真空影响机理的异同,确定了复间冷机组汽轮机排汽真空的影响因素,建立复间冷机组高温时段变工况特性下排汽真空计算模型,并以最佳真空为目标,给出运行工况复间冷机组高温时段最佳真空的计算方法。以600 MW虚拟复间冷机组参数为基准,通过分析计算,揭示了复间冷机组高温时段最佳真空变化规律以及压缩机的相应运行特性,所得结果可为高温时段复间冷系统设计和运行优化提供可靠理论依据。     

冷源方式选择对CEC影响的分析

以空调系统能耗系数CEC(Coefficient of Energy Consumption)即空调设备全年总能量消耗量与假想空调负荷累计值之比作为空调系统能耗性能评价指标,对天津地区某典型办公大楼建筑空调系统选用水源热泵和溴化锂冷热水机组条件下的能耗状况进行计算与分析。并证明了与采用水源热泵的空调系统相比较,采用溴化锂冷水机组的空调系统节电不节能。     

水源制冷机房单位冷量能耗的影响参数分析

为了降低空调能耗,文中以水源制冷机房为模型,分析了影响制冷机房总能耗的主要运行参数,然后采用正交试验法对制冷机房在不同参数条件下的能耗进行了模拟,找到了各运行参数影响制冷机房总能耗和单位冷量能耗的主次顺序及基本规律。     

Optimization of steam-turbine power unit of a coal mini-HPP with variable schedule of heat and electric energy loads

The technique for optimization of parameters of a power unit of a gas-turbine small-size heat and power plant was developed with regard for seasonable nature of heat and electric energy loads; the approach uses linear versions of dependency of outlet parameters on the inlet parameters. A mathematical model of the energy unit of a mini-HPP was developed. Optimization calculations for a coal gas-turbine mini-HPP were carried out for several optimization criteria: minimal revenue from the produced heat and electric energy (at different levels of fuel price), minimum of fuel consumption during year, and minimal investment at a given internal return rate.     

Modelling Chemical-Looping assisted by Oxygen Uncoupling (CLaOU): Assessment of natural gas combustion with calcium manganite as oxygen carrier

Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) is a promising technology for performing CO₂ capture in combustion processes at low cost and with lower energy consumption. Fuel conversion modelling assists in optimizing and predicting the performance of the CLC process under different operating conditions. For this work, the combustion of natural gas was modelled using a CaMnO₃-type perovskite as oxygen-carrier and taking into consideration the processes of fluid dynamics and reaction kinetics involved in fuel conversion. The CLC model was validated against experimental results obtained from the 120?kW_th CLC unit at the Vienna University of Technology (TUV). Good agreement between experimental and model predictions of fuel conversion was found when the temperature, pressure drop, solids circulation rate and fuel flow were varied. Model predictions showed that oxygen transfer by means of the gas–solid reaction of the fuel with the oxygen-carrier was relevant throughout the entire fuel-reactor. However, complete combustion could be only achieved under operating conditions where the process of Chemical-Looping assisted by Oxygen Uncoupling (CLaOU) became dominant, i.e. a relevant fraction of the fuel was burnt with molecular oxygen (O₂) released by the oxygen-carrier. This phenomenon was improved by the design configuration of the 120?kW_th CLC unit at TUV, in which oxidized particles are recirculated to the upper part of the fuel-reactor. Thus, the validated model identified the conditions at which complete combustion can be achieved, demonstrating that it is a powerful tool for the simulation and optimization of the CLC process with the CaMnO₃-type material.     

燃料电池有轨电车声学优化*

基于线路噪声实验,系统测试分析了燃料电池有轨电车的噪声特性,研究了噪声分布以及空气传声、结构传声路径对噪声的贡献。结果表明改善车辆地板、空调、顶板和风挡的隔声性能,尤其是在500～1250 Hz的1/3倍频带范围内的隔声性能将有助于改善车辆内部声学环境。优化燃料电池系统控制,降低冷却单元转速将有助于改善车辆外部声学环境。在此基础上提出减震降噪建议措施,再次进行线路噪声实验,结果表明该措施有效。     

Study of Energy Consumption in the Injection Molding Process

A computing method for simulating the energy consumption in an injection molding process using the Moldflow MPI analysis software is proposed. Considering such factors as product structure, processing parameters, and mold structure, it was shown by orthogonal testing that the melt temperature, product diameter, product wall thickness, and gate diameter are the four largest factors impacting on the injection energy consumption. Based on the MATLAB curve fitting toolbox, the relationship between the four main factors and the injection energy consumption was established, and a calculation model for the injection energy consumption was proposed.The accuracy of the model was above 95%. Finally, by using an experimental system of injection energy consumption to research the relationship between energy consumption and actual injection power, and by verifying the calculation accuracy of injection energy consumption of the established model, the results show that the established model can be an excellent predictor of the actual electric energy required and the accuracy of it was above 85% compared with measured experimental data.     

B4C_Al材料中子吸收性能检测设备研制

当前基于燃耗信任制的乏燃料密集贮存方式,对乏燃料水池格架中子吸收材料的可靠性和有效性,都提出了更高的要求。在格架材料生产和使用过程中需要对其中子吸收性能(硼含量)进行无损检测和监测,针对这两个方面的需求,我们研制了核电厂乏燃料水池格架B₄C_Al中子吸收材料检测设备。该检测设备主要由中子源(3枚252Cf放射源)、中子探测器(10个锂玻璃组成的探测阵列)、中子屏蔽准直和慢化系统等组成,通过测量中子透射率来推算待测样板上各个测量点的10B面密度,从而达到对于乏燃料水池贮存格架材料B₄C_Al合金硼含量的无损检测。使用该套设备进行了两种B₄C_Al合金20 cm×30 cm悬挂样片的检测,结果可靠。该B₄C_Al材料中子吸收性能检测设备为国内首创,推动了我国含硼中子吸收材料的无损检测研究,能为核电厂乏燃料水池的临界安全监测提供有力保障。     

Experimental and predictive study on the performance and energy consumption characteristics for the regeneration of activated alumina assisted by ultrasound

Activated alumina used in dehumidification should be regenerated at more than 110 °C temperature, resulting in excessive energy consumption. Comparative experiments were conducted to study the feasibility and performance of ultrasonic assisted regeneration so as to lower the regeneration temperature and raise the efficiency. The mean regeneration speed, regeneration degree, and enhanced rate were used to evaluate the contribution of ultrasound in regeneration. The effective moisture diffusivity and desorption apparent activation energy were calculated by theoretical models, revealed the enhanced mechanism caused by ultrasound. Also, we proposed some specific indexes such as unit energy consumption and energy-saving ratio to assess the energy-saving characteristics of this process. The unit energy consumption was predicted by artificial neural network (ANN), and the recovered moisture adsorption of activated alumina was measured by the dynamic adsorption test. Our analysis illustrates that the introduction of power ultrasound in the process of regeneration can reduce the unit energy consumption and improve the recovered moisture adsorption, the unit energy consumption was decreased by 68.69% and the recovered moisture adsorption was improved by 16.7% under 180 W power ultrasound compared with non-ultrasonic assisted regeneration at 70 °C when initial moisture adsorption was 30%. Meanwhile, an optimal regeneration condition around the turning point could be obtained according to the predictive results of ANN, which can minimize the unit energy consumption. Moreover, it was found that a larger specific surface area of activated alumina induced by ultrasound contributed to a better recovered moisture adsorption.     

基于发动机模型的无人机燃油估计算法的设计

针对某型无人机油量传感器容易受到任务设备的无线电信号干扰或出现机械卡死,导致测量失准的问题,对发动机油耗进行建模辨识,提出一种燃油估计算法并在无人机监控软件中对此算法进行编程实现。通过飞行试验对实际油耗和估算油耗进行对比验证,结果表明此燃油估计算法可以作为飞机实际油耗的准确参考,能够作为传感器的有效备份。