磷酸化蛋白质组分析的数据处理新方法研究(Ⅰ)

蛋白质可逆磷酸化在胞外信息传递到核内、细胞生长、分裂、分化和代谢等生命活动过程中起着关键的作用。蛋白质磷酸化对众多蛋白质生物化学功能担负着开/关调控责任,是一种普遍的调控机制,与各种生命活动息息相关。因     

快速、灵敏检测生物样本中单胺类递质及其代谢产物的方法——反相色谱-电化学检测分析法

单胺类神经递质,多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NA)、肾上腺素(A)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)是哺乳动物和人类中枢重要的信息传递物质。检测脑和体液中微量的单胺递质及其代谢产物对研究这类递质的生理功能,与递质代谢异常有关的疾病的诊断和药物及手术疗效的鉴定都有重要意义,自1973年     

微量元素与激素

微量元素可以在激素的分泌、活性以及与组织的结合等各个环节上影响激素。反之，激素也可以调控机体微量元素的代谢过程。     

GnRHa对去垂体大鼠卵巢tPA和PAI-1基因表达的调节

给去垂体大鼠注射促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)的类似物(GnRHa)可诱导卵巢颗粒细胞(GC)和膜间质细胞(TI)组织型纤溶酶原激活因子(tPA)和抑制因子(PAI-1)基因在时间上和不同细胞间的协调表达。tPA主要由GC产生,GC也分泌少量PAI-1;而卵巢中的PAI-1主要由TI产生,TI也分泌少量tPA。在排卵前GC和TI中tPA mRNA和生物活性均达到高峰;与此相反,PAI-1的表达在GC和TI中却完全不同,TI中的PAI-1 mRNA和生物活性在tPA峰值前6h达到最高水平;而GC中的PAI-1峰值却出现在排卵后。上述变化与人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)诱导正常大鼠排卵所引起的两种基因的表达的动力学变化无异。这些结果提示,hCG(通过PKA途径)和GnRHa(通过PKC途径)这两种不同的调控信号可通过各自不同的受体,经过不同的信息传递系统而最终影响tPA和PAI-1基因的相同的协调表达引起排卵。     

含铁蛋白介导的铁转运分子机制

铁是生命体必需的微量元素,因为它是一些重要功能酶的协同因子。这些功能酶有着广泛的功能,从呼吸作用到核酸的复制。但是,当铁含量多于细胞稳态的时候,它将产生对机体有毒的羟基。生物体已经发展了自身的调控机制,包括铁的摄取,存储和输出来控制细胞内的铁处于平衡态。二价阳离子转运蛋白,铁输出蛋白和hephaestin参与小肠吸收,转铁蛋白和转铁蛋白受体参与铁的摄取和转运,铁蛋白可以存储铁,铁调控蛋白的功能是调节铁代谢。这篇文章综述着重阐述了含铁蛋白介导的铁传递机制。     

大鼠脑组织中不同部位单胺类神经递质含量的HPLC测定

单胺类神经递质,多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NA)和肾上腺素(A)是哺乳动物和人类中枢重要的信息传递物质。了解脑组织中各部位单胺类神经递质的含量对于研究其生理功能、有关疾病的诊断和药物及手术疗效的评价均有重要的意义。     

微藻高油脂化基因工程研究策略

石化能源危机与全球气候变化已成为人类的两大重要难题。生物柴油作为可替代普通柴油的环境友好且可再生的能源受到普遍关注。相比植物油和动物脂肪生产,藻类油脂产率高且容易培养,被认为是未来生物柴油发展的重要原料之一。通过转基因技术强化油脂代谢途径,提高富油微藻含油量,已经成为新的研究热点。已有植物研究表明,增强甘油酯酰基转移酶表达,可以提高Kennedy途径代谢中间体通量,从而增加甘油三酯(TAG)的积累。本文综述了微藻油脂代谢途径的国内外研究现状和提高油脂积累的代谢调控策略;详细阐述了基于植物油脂合成强化的成功经验,通过增强微藻Kennedy途径对提高TAG生物合成的重要作用;讨论了当前转基因微藻的遗传转化方法及其需要解决的关键性科学技术问题;分析了基因工程技术调控微藻脂类代谢途径生产高油脂的可能性,并对该研究的发展进行了展望。     

蛋白质组学和代谢组学在微生物代谢工程中的应用

构建微生物细胞工厂是化学品、生物能源以及药物分子可持续生产的可行性策略。然而，微生物的代谢复杂、调控严谨，制约着目标产物高效合成。蛋白质组学和代谢组学可以从系统生物学角度分析酶和代谢物组分，从而理解复杂的生物系统，为微生物代谢工程改造提供重要线索。该文介绍了蛋白质组学和代谢组学在微生物代谢工程中的应用，包括基因组尺度代谢模型构建、菌株生物合成优化、指导菌株耐受性改造、限速步骤预测、植物次级代谢途径挖掘，从而为微生物合成天然产物提供新的基因或途径。在此基础上，该文还展望了生物大数据未来的发展方向。     

基于超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱法测定LAMTOR1在肝脏炎症恶性转化中调控的代谢物

LAMTOR1(晚期胞内体/溶酶体接头蛋白,MAPK以及mTOR激活蛋白1)是机体应对营养压力时重要的调控蛋白之一。公共开放基因表达数据库分析显示LAMTOR1在非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)和肝癌中均异常高表达,显示LAMTOR1在NASH和肝癌发生发展中发挥重要作用,探索LAMTOR1在肝脏炎症恶性转化过程中调控的代谢机制具有重要意义。该研究中小鼠给予蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏(MCD)饮食饲养,肝脏组织的苏木精伊红(HE)染色结果显示小鼠肝脏炎症性损伤的成功构建。接下来利用蛋白免疫印迹实验验证了肝脏组织中LAMTOR1基因的特异性敲除以及一些LAMTOR1调控的蛋白变化。紧接着开展了基于超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用的肝脏组织代谢组学分析,以鉴定LAMTOR1肝脏特异性调控的重要代谢物。对检测到的134个代谢物进行多变量分析,主成分分析模型显示特异性敲除LAMTOR1对小鼠肝脏的代谢过程有明显的扰动。其中45个代谢物发生了显著性变化,表明敲除LAMTOR1可引起肝脏多条代谢通路紊乱。进一步分析显示,UDP-乙酰葡萄糖胺(UDP-GlcNAc)、S-腺苷蛋氨酸、S-腺苷高丝氨酸和三甲基赖氨酸等代谢物在LAMTOR1敲除(LAMTOR1^LKO)小鼠中明显上调,说明LAMTOR1与己糖胺合成通路和生物分子甲基化过程可能存在调控关系。另外,9-氧代十八碳二烯酸、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)等不饱和脂肪酸等代谢物水平在LAMTOR1^LKO小鼠中明显下降。接下来基于公共开放转录组数据库开展了基因表达相关性的预测分析,得到的相关系数R表征基因间的调控关系,R的绝对值接近或高于0.5属于中强相关,结果提示LAMTOR1可能负调控MAT1A (R=-0.47)基因,同时预测得到LAMTOR1与MGAT1 (R=0.47)和ADSL (R=0.59)等基因存在正调控关系。该研究将代谢组学方法应用于疾病机制研究,通过鉴定小鼠NASH模型中LAMTOR1特异性调控的代谢物,并结合基因表达相关性分析,揭示出LAMTOR1基因在非酒精性脂肪肝炎及恶性转化过程中可能调控的重要代谢通路,为后续NASH及NASH转化的肝癌发病机制和治疗研究提供理论基础。     

CRISPR-Cas基因编辑技术在微生物组工程中的应用

微生物组工程是对复杂微生物群落进行改造,在基因组、代谢组及群落生态结构等多个层次上实现微生物组的精准调控.成簇规律间隔短回文序列(CRISPR)及其相关蛋白(CRISPR-Cas)系统是近期发展迅速的高效基因编辑工具.本文回顾了微生物组工程领域CRISPR-Cas系统的重要研究工作,重点关注CRISPR-Cas系统在微生物组的基因编辑和生态调控方面的应用.针对CRISPR-Cas系统在微生物组工程领域的应用挑战,本文从外源DNA递送方式和基因表达调控元件两个方面总结了微生物组工程的关键辅助方法与发展趋势,展望了微生物组工程领域所面临的挑战与机遇.     

Bidirectional Regulation of mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Using PUF Domains

The regulation of gene expression is crucial in diverse areas of biological science, engineering, and medicine. A genetically encoded system based on the RNA binding domain of the Pumilio and FBF (PUF) proteins was developed for the bidirectional regulation (i.e., either upregulation or downregulation) of the translation of a target mRNA. PUF domains serve as designable scaffolds for the recognition of specific RNA elements and the specificity can be easily altered to target any 8‐nucleotide RNA sequence. The expression of a reporter could be varied by over 17‐fold when using PUF‐based activators and repressors. The specificity of the method was established by using wild‐type and mutant PUF domains. Furthermore, this method could be used to activate the translation of target mRNA downstream of PUF binding sites in a light‐dependent manner. Such specific bidirectional control of mRNA translation could be particularly useful in the fields of synthetic biology, developmental biology, and metabolic engineering.     

Streaming potential and protein transmission ultrafiltration of single proteins and proteins in mixture: β-lactoglobulin and lysozyme

A study of single proteins, β-lactoglobulin and lysozyme of different sizes and electrical characteristic as a function of pH, ionic strength and nature of salt (NaCl or CaCl₂) allows to evaluate the filtration performances. Streaming potential measurements confirm that proteins contribute to the net charge of the system and that the protein tranfer through mineral membranes is governed by ionic and steric exclusion phenomena.This work shows the correlation between protein transmission and streaming potential values which takes into account steric and ionic exclusion. The ionic repulsion decreases the transmission. This one depends on membrane net charge characterised by streaming potential, which depends on the solution composition. This model, which does not take into account interactions between protein and membrane fouling leads to an overestimation of calculated transmission values when proteins are in a mixture. However, it allows a correct estimation of transmission variations versus the studied variables: pH and ionic strength.     

Visualization of Protein‐Specific Glycosylation inside Living Cells

Protein glycosylation is a ubiquitous post‐translational modification that is involved in the regulation of many aspects of protein function. In order to uncover the biological roles of this modification, imaging the glycosylation state of specific proteins within living cells would be of fundamental importance. To date, however, this has not been achieved. Herein, we demonstrate protein‐specific detection of the glycosylation of the intracellular proteins OGT, Foxo1, p53, and Akt1 in living cells. Our generally applicable approach relies on Diels–Alder chemistry to fluorescently label intracellular carbohydrates through metabolic engineering. The target proteins are tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the EGFP and the glycan‐anchored fluorophore is detected with high contrast even in presence of a large excess of acceptor fluorophores by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).     

Multiple regulatory genes in the tylosin biosynthetic cluster of Streptomyces fradiae.

BACKGROUND: The macrolide antibiotic tylosin is composed of a polyketide lactone substituted with three deoxyhexose sugars. In order to produce tylosin efficiently, Streptomyces fradiae presumably requires control mechanisms that balance the yields of the constituent metabolic pathways together with switches that allow for temporal regulation of antibiotic production. In addition to possible metabolic feedback and/or other signalling devices, such control probably involves interplay between specific regulatory proteins. Prior to the present work, however, no candidate regulatory gene(s) had been identified in S. fradiae. RESULTS: DNA sequencing has shown that the tylosin biosynthetic gene cluster, within which four open reading frames utilise the rare TTA codon, contains at least five candidate regulatory genes, one of which (tylP) encodes a gamma-butyrolactone signal receptor for which tylQ is a probable target. Two other genes (tylS and tylT) encode pathway-specific regulatory proteins of the Streptomyces antibiotic regulatory protein (SARP) family and a fifth, tylR, has been shown by mutational analysis to control various aspects of tylosin production. CONCLUSIONS: The tyl genes of S. fradiae include the richest collection of regulators yet encountered in a single antibiotic biosynthetic gene cluster. Control of tylosin biosynthesis is now amenable to detailed study, and manipulation of these various regulatory genes is likely to influence yields in tylosin-production fermentations.     

On the problem of directed signal transmission and energy transfer in molecular systems

A new physical interpretation of the mechanism of directed energy transfer and signal transmission in molecular systems along one-dimensional chains capable of successive isomerization is proposed. The photoacceptor—transmitting chain—reaction center system is considered as a model. Conditions under which the directed energy transfer occurs from the photoacceptor to the reaction center along the chain are analyzed. The time of signal transmission depends on the chain length, and the transmission coefficient is mainly determined by the characteristics of the initial and final elements in the whole system.