全文获取类型
收费全文 | 24650篇 |
免费 | 3044篇 |
国内免费 | 1383篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 9176篇 |
晶体学 | 73篇 |
力学 | 3523篇 |
综合类 | 265篇 |
数学 | 8833篇 |
物理学 | 7207篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 50篇 |
2023年 | 258篇 |
2022年 | 524篇 |
2021年 | 692篇 |
2020年 | 820篇 |
2019年 | 743篇 |
2018年 | 609篇 |
2017年 | 727篇 |
2016年 | 1034篇 |
2015年 | 836篇 |
2014年 | 1165篇 |
2013年 | 1954篇 |
2012年 | 1261篇 |
2011年 | 1319篇 |
2010年 | 1135篇 |
2009年 | 1383篇 |
2008年 | 1520篇 |
2007年 | 1538篇 |
2006年 | 1372篇 |
2005年 | 1096篇 |
2004年 | 967篇 |
2003年 | 1038篇 |
2002年 | 905篇 |
2001年 | 730篇 |
2000年 | 742篇 |
1999年 | 618篇 |
1998年 | 572篇 |
1997年 | 445篇 |
1996年 | 385篇 |
1995年 | 329篇 |
1994年 | 304篇 |
1993年 | 250篇 |
1992年 | 234篇 |
1991年 | 170篇 |
1990年 | 166篇 |
1989年 | 135篇 |
1988年 | 163篇 |
1987年 | 108篇 |
1986年 | 90篇 |
1985年 | 133篇 |
1984年 | 109篇 |
1983年 | 37篇 |
1982年 | 76篇 |
1981年 | 62篇 |
1980年 | 54篇 |
1979年 | 43篇 |
1978年 | 40篇 |
1977年 | 41篇 |
1976年 | 33篇 |
1957年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 291 毫秒
1.
Claudius Gros 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,23(2)
Human societies are characterized by three constituent features, besides others. (A) Options, as for jobs and societal positions, differ with respect to their associated monetary and non-monetary payoffs. (B) Competition leads to reduced payoffs when individuals compete for the same option as others. (C) People care about how they are doing relatively to others. The latter trait—the propensity to compare one’s own success with that of others—expresses itself as envy. It is shown that the combination of (A)–(C) leads to spontaneous class stratification. Societies of agents split endogenously into two social classes, an upper and a lower class, when envy becomes relevant. A comprehensive analysis of the Nash equilibria characterizing a basic reference game is presented. Class separation is due to the condensation of the strategies of lower-class agents, which play an identical mixed strategy. Upper-class agents do not condense, following individualist pure strategies. The model and results are size-consistent, holding for arbitrary large numbers of agents and options. Analytic results are confirmed by extensive numerical simulations. An analogy to interacting confined classical particles is discussed. 相似文献
2.
3.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of a Sc3N@C80‐Corrole Electron Donor–Acceptor Conjugate
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Bin Liu Hongyun Fang Prof. Xiaofang Li Wenting Cai Lipiao Bao Marc Rudolf Fabian Plass Prof. Louzhen Fan Prof. Xing Lu Prof. Dirk M. Guldi 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,21(2):746-752
Embedding endohdedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) into electron donor–acceptor systems is still a challenging task owing to their limited quantities and their still largely unexplored chemical properties. In this study, we have performed a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of a corrole‐based precursor with Sc3N@C80 to regioselectively form a [5,6]‐adduct ( 1 ). The successful attachment of the corrole moiety was confirmed by mass spectrometry. In the electronic ground state, absorption spectra suggest sizeable electronic communications between the electron acceptor and the electron donor. Moreover, the addition pattern occurring at a [5,6]‐bond junction is firmly proven by NMR spectroscopy and electrochemical investigations performed with 1 . In the electronically excited state, which is probed in photophysical assays with 1 , a fast electron‐transfer yields the radical ion pair state consisting of the one‐electron‐reduced Sc3N@C80 and of the one‐electron‐oxidized corrole upon its exclusive photoexcitation. As such, our results shed new light on the practical work utilizing EMFs as building blocks in photovoltaics. 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
The structure and rotational barrier for the mesityl-silicon bond of 2,2-dimesityl-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyltrisilane have been investigated by 1H- and 13C-variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as by density functional theory structural calculations. The calculations show that the lowest energy structure has C2 symmetry with nonequivalent ortho methyl groups, consistent with the crystal structure and solution NMR. The nonequivalent ortho methyl groups exchange through a Cs transition state with a calculated relative free energy of 11.0 kcal mol−1. The barrier for this rotation found by dynamic NMR is 13.4 ± 0.2 kcal mol−1 at 298 K. 相似文献
7.
Dr. Sebastian Lars Müller Xinglong Zhou Dr. Peter Leonard Oxana Korzhenko Dr. Constantin Daniliuc Prof. Dr. Frank Seela 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,25(12):3077-3090
Silver-mediated α-dC–Ag+–β-dC hybrid base pairs decorated with 5-iodo- or 5-octadiynyl residues are well accommodated in duplex DNA. A strong Tm increase and favorable thermodynamic data for duplex DNA were observed after addition of silver ions. The phenomenon is particularly obvious when both nucleobases of the base pairs are functionalized. Neither the position of the base pair, nor the type of 5-substituent had a negative influence. On the contrary, functionalization of conventional silver-mediated β-dC–Ag+–β-dC homo base pairs showed a negative impact induced by the bulky substituents. To this end, cytosine modified 12-mer oligodeoxynucleotides were prepared by solid-phase synthesis employing new α-anomeric 2′-deoxycytidine phosphoramidites. A multigram scale synthesis was developed for 5-iodo-α-d -2′-deoxycytidine ( 1 ) employing the direct glycosylation of cytosine with Hoffer's α-d -halogenose followed by separation of anomeric DMT nucleosides. Regarding base-pair stability and functionalization silver-mediated α/β-dC hybrid base pairs were found to be superior to β/β-dC homo pairs. According to their extraordinary properties, they might find applications in DNA diagnostics, material science, or nanotechnology. 相似文献
8.
Dr. Liat Avram Dr. Václav Havel Ronit Shusterman-Krush Dr. Mark A. Iron Dr. Moritz Zaiss Prof. Vladimír Šindelář Dr. Amnon Bar-Shir 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,25(7):1687-1690
The accumulated knowledge regarding molecular architectures is based on established, reliable, and accessible analytical tools that provide robust structural and functional information on assemblies. However, both the dynamicity and low population of noncovalently interacting moieties within studied molecular systems limit the efficiency and accuracy of traditional methods. Herein, the use of a saturation transfer-based NMR approach to study the dynamic binding characteristics of an anion to a series of synthetic receptors derived from bambusuril macrocycles is demonstrated. The exchange rates of BF4− are mediated by the side chains on the receptor (100 s−1<kex<5000 s−1), which play a critical role in receptor-anion binding dynamics. The signal amplification obtained with this approach allows for the identification of different types of intermolecular interactions between the receptor and the anion, something that could not have been detected by techniques hitherto used to study molecular assemblies. These findings, which are supported by a computational molecular dynamic study, demonstrate the uniqueness and added value of this NMR method. 相似文献
9.
π-Extended molecules are key components for the development of materials science. In fact, polyaromatic structures are fundamental for the scientific and technological progress of fields such as organic electronics and bio-applications. Beneficial properties of π-extended structures are absorption in the visible region, often luminescence, high electron mobilities and stability. Common approaches to adjust the properties of polyaromatic structures to functional setups involve changes in shape and size at the molecular level. Recently, incorporating hetero-elements emerged as successful approach. In this regard, organophosphorus conjugated molecules are new materials holding great promise for potential applications. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the design/development of polyaromatic phosphorus materials and their applicability. We establish structure/property/applicability relationships to provide key guidelines for the engineering of newer, future applications. This article thus provides a source of information for the further development of this rapidly evolving field of research. 相似文献
10.
Recent Progress in the $L_p$ Theory for Elliptic and Parabolic Equations with Discontinuous Coefficients
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《分析论及其应用》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Hongjie Dong 《分析论及其应用》2020,36(2):161-199
In this paper, we review some results over the last 10-15 years on elliptic and parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients. We begin with an approach given by N. V. Krylov to parabolic equations in the whole space with $\rm{VMO}_x$ coefficients. We then discuss some subsequent development including elliptic and parabolic equations with coefficients which are allowed to be merely measurable in one or two space directions, weighted $L_p$estimates with Muckenhoupt ($A_p$) weights, non-local elliptic and parabolic equations, as well as fully nonlinear elliptic and parabolic equations. 相似文献