全文获取类型
收费全文 | 23817篇 |
免费 | 1672篇 |
国内免费 | 2213篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 873篇 |
晶体学 | 24篇 |
力学 | 916篇 |
综合类 | 328篇 |
数学 | 11419篇 |
物理学 | 3155篇 |
综合类 | 10987篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 38篇 |
2023年 | 208篇 |
2022年 | 292篇 |
2021年 | 360篇 |
2020年 | 376篇 |
2019年 | 426篇 |
2018年 | 405篇 |
2017年 | 506篇 |
2016年 | 571篇 |
2015年 | 539篇 |
2014年 | 1074篇 |
2013年 | 1235篇 |
2012年 | 1087篇 |
2011年 | 1353篇 |
2010年 | 1209篇 |
2009年 | 1468篇 |
2008年 | 1526篇 |
2007年 | 1853篇 |
2006年 | 1570篇 |
2005年 | 1380篇 |
2004年 | 1164篇 |
2003年 | 1172篇 |
2002年 | 990篇 |
2001年 | 837篇 |
2000年 | 888篇 |
1999年 | 767篇 |
1998年 | 699篇 |
1997年 | 618篇 |
1996年 | 499篇 |
1995年 | 397篇 |
1994年 | 378篇 |
1993年 | 298篇 |
1992年 | 263篇 |
1991年 | 234篇 |
1990年 | 203篇 |
1989年 | 172篇 |
1988年 | 162篇 |
1987年 | 107篇 |
1986年 | 45篇 |
1985年 | 59篇 |
1984年 | 45篇 |
1983年 | 23篇 |
1982年 | 35篇 |
1981年 | 25篇 |
1980年 | 28篇 |
1979年 | 27篇 |
1978年 | 18篇 |
1977年 | 18篇 |
1976年 | 13篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
41.
Dalila B. M. M. Fontes Eleni Hadjiconstantinou Nicos Christofides 《Journal of Global Optimization》2006,34(1):97-125
In this paper we obtain Lower Bounds (LBs) to concave cost network flow problems. The LBs are derived from state space relaxations
of a dynamic programming formulation, which involve the use of non-injective mapping functions guaranteing a reduction on
the cardinality of the state space. The general state space relaxation procedure is extended to address problems involving
transitions that go across several stages, as is the case of network flow problems. Applications for these LBs include: estimation
of the quality of heuristic solutions; local search methods that use information of the LB solution structure to find initial
solutions to restart the search (Fontes et al., 2003, Networks, 41, 221–228); and branch-and-bound (BB) methods having as
a bounding procedure a modified version of the LB algorithm developed here, (see Fontes et al., 2005a). These LBs are iteratively
improved by penalizing, in a Lagrangian fashion, customers not exactly satisfied or by performing state space modifications.
Both the penalties and the state space are updated by using the subgradient method. Additional constraints are developed to
improve further the LBs by reducing the searchable space. The computational results provided show that very good bounds can
be obtained for concave cost network flow problems, particularly for fixed-charge problems. 相似文献
42.
An admissible minimax estimator of a bounded scale-parameter in a subclass of the exponential family under scale-invariant squared-error loss 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Mohammad Jafari Jozani Nader Nematollahi Khalil Shafie 《Statistics & probability letters》2002,60(4):437-444
A subclass of the scale-parameter exponential family is considered and for the rth power of the scale parameter, which is lower bounded, an admissible minimax estimator under scale-invariant squared-error loss is presented. Also, an admissible minimax estimator of a lower-bounded parameter in the family of transformed chi-square distributions is given. These estimators are the pointwise limits of a sequence of Bayes estimators. Some examples are given. 相似文献
43.
马彩祝 《广州大学学报(自然科学版)》2002,1(5):50-53
轴测图凭借平行投影的特点,传递着一种模型般的空间感。近年来国外对轴测图的研究开发和利用已达到很高层次。本文从建筑三维构图的角度,对轴测图的教研问题,轴测图与透视图的比较以及关于轴测图绘制手段进行讨论。 相似文献
44.
曾六川 《数学物理学报(A辑)》2002,22(3):336-341
设犈是一致凸Banach空间,满足Opial条件或具有Frechet可微范数,犆是犈的非空闭凸子集,且犜:犆→犆是非扩张映象.又设对任何初始数据狓1 ∈犆,序列{狓狀}由下列修改了的Ishikawa迭代程序生成:狓狀+1 =狋狀犜狀(狊狀犜狀狓狀+ (1-狊狀)狓狀)+ (1-狋狀)狓狀, 狀≥1, (I)其中,数列{狋狀}与{狊狀}满足下列条件(i)和(ii)之一:(i)狋狀∈ [犪,犫]且狊狀∈ [0,犫];(ii)狋狀∈ [犪,1]且狊狀∈ [犪,犫],这里,常数犪,犫满足0<犪≤犫<1.作者证明了,犜有不动点的充要条件是,{狓狀}
弱收敛且{‖狓狀-犜狓狀‖}收敛到0.而且,由此即知,若犜有不动点,则{狓狀}弱收敛到犜的一个不动点. 相似文献
45.
A. Khrennikov 《Annalen der Physik》2003,12(10):575-585
We study the probabilistic consequences of the choice of the basic number field in the quantum formalism. We demonstrate that by choosing a number field for a linear space representation of quantum model it is possible to describe various interference phenomena. We analyse interference of probabilistic alternatives induced by real, complex, hyperbolic (Clifford) and p‐adic representations. 相似文献
46.
Suppose μ is a Radon measure on ℝ
d
, which may be non doubling. The only condition assumed on μ is a growth condition, namely, there is a constant C0>0 such that for all x∈supp(μ) and r>0, μ(B(x, r))⪯C0rn, where 0<n⪯d. We prove T1 theorem for non doubling measures with weak kernel conditions. Our approach yields new results
for kernels satisfying weakened regularity conditions, while recovering previously known Tolsa’s results. We also prove T1
theorem for Besov spaces on nonhomogeneous spaces with weak kernel conditions given in [7]. 相似文献
47.
Dan Voiculescu 《Reports on Mathematical Physics》2005,55(1):127-133
This short note summarizes the circumstances of the birth of free probability theory andsome of the recent achievements. 相似文献
48.
Shinji Takesue 《Journal of statistical physics》1989,56(3-4):371-402
This is the first part of a series devoted to the study of thermodynamic behavior of large dynamical systems with the use of a family of fully-discrete and conservative models named elementary reversible cellular automata (ERCAs). In this paper, basic properties such as conservation laws and phase space structure are investigated in preparation for the later studies. ERCAs are a family of one-dimensional reversible cellular automata having two Boolean variables on each site. Reflection and Boolean conjugation symmetries divide them into 88 equivalence classes. For each rule, additive conserved quantities written in a certain form are regarded as a kind of energy, if they exist. By the aid of the discreteness of the variables, every ERCA satisfies the Liouville theorem or the preservation of phase space volume. Thus, if an energy exists in the above sense, statistical mechanics of the model can formally be constructed. If a locally defined quantity is conserved, however, it prevents the realization of statistical mechanics. The existence of such a quantity is examined for each class and a number of rules which have at least one energy but no local conservation laws are selected as hopeful candidates for the realization of thermodynamic behavior. In addition, the phase space structure of ERCAs is analyzed by enumerating cycles exactly in the phase space for systems of comparatively small sizes. As a result, it is revealed that a finite ERCA is not ergodic, that is, a large number of orbits coexist on an energy surface. It is argued that this fact does not necessarily mean the failure of thermodynamic behavior on the basis of an analogy with the ergodic nature of infinite systems. 相似文献
49.
Arnon Arazi Eshel Ben-Jacob Uri Yechiali 《Mathematical Methods of Operations Research》2005,62(3):453-466
We consider a Jackson-type network comprised of two queues having state-dependent service rates, in which the queue lengths
evolve periodically, exhibiting noisy cycles. To reduce this noise a certain heuristic, utilizing regions in the phase space
in which the system behaves almost deterministically, is applied. Using this heuristic, we show that in order to decrease
the probability of a customers overflow in one of the queues in the network, the server in that same queue – contrary to intuition
– should be shut down for a short period of time. Further noise reduction is obtained if the server in the second queue is
briefly shut down as well, when certain conditions hold. 相似文献
50.
Continuity is obtained of some multilinear operators related to certain integral operators for the weighted Herz spaces with extreme exponents. The operators include the Littlewood–Paley and Marcinkiewicz operators. 相似文献