紫外吸收光谱法和电化学法研究原儿茶醛与牛血清蛋白的相互作用及共存金属离子的影响

利用紫外可见吸收光谱法和电化学法研究了中药小分子原儿茶醛与牛血清蛋白的相互作用,考察了温度和共存金属离子Cu~(2+),Ni~(2+),Zn~(2+)对二者结合常数的影响情况,计算了原儿茶醛与牛血清蛋白作用过程的ΔG,ΔH,ΔS。结果显示,原儿茶醛与牛血清蛋白的结合常数随着温度的升高和金属离子的存在都有不同程度的降低,二者的结合是一个焓和熵共同驱动的自发过程,之间的作用力主要表现为静电引力。运用循环伏安法测试了原儿茶醛与牛血清蛋白相互作用的电化学行为,结果表明,原儿茶醛与牛血清蛋白结合位点数为1,两者之间形成一种电活性的超分子化合物。     

基于压缩感知的电容层析成像图像重建算法

为提高电容层析成像（ECT）系统采样速率及重建图像质量,本文提出一种基于压缩感知理论的ECT图像重建算法.首先,应用离散Fourier变换基将原始图像灰度信号进行稀疏化处理;接着,从16电极ECT系统中随机选取14个电极按随机顺序进行激励,并按随机顺序测量不同电极之间电容值,得到测量电容信号并建立相应的观测矩阵;最后,采用L1范数正则化模型和原对偶内点法实现图像重建.仿真实验结果表明,基于压缩感知理论算法重建的图像其质量优于Landweber迭代算法,在节省采样时间的同时可实现较高精度的图像重建,为ECT图像重建的研究提供了一种新的手段.     

基于CNN的连续语音说话人声纹识别

近年来,随着社会生活水平的不断提高,人们对机器智能人声识别的要求越来越高.高斯混合—隐马尔可夫模型(Gaussian of mixture-hidden Markov model,GMM-HMM)是说话人识别研究领域中最重要的模型.由于该模型对大语音数据的建模能力不是很好,对噪声的顽健性也比较差,模型的发展遇到了瓶颈.为了解决该问题,研究者开始关注深度学习技术.引入了CNN深度学习模型研究连续语音说话人识别问题,并提出了CNN连续说话人识别(continuous speaker recognition of convolutional neural network,CSR-CNN)算法.模型提取固定长度、符合语序的语音片段,形成时间线上的有序语谱图,通过CNN提取特征序列,经过奖惩函数对特征序列组合进行连续测量.实验结果表明,CSR-CNN算法在连续—片段说话人识别领域取得了比GMM-HMM更好的识别效果.     

B原子掺杂调控CuIn纳米合金电子结构以实现电化学CO2还原宽电位活性(英文)

杂原子掺杂可以调节电子结构以调整中间体吸附并优化反应路径,是设计高效CO₂还原反应(CO₂RR)催化剂的有应用前景的方法.B原子是常用的掺杂剂,引入B原子可以有效打破*COOH和OCHO*中间体的吉布斯自由能线性关系,并且可以通过与CO₂中O原子结合来增强CO₂吸附能力.B掺杂碳材料、单金属和金属氧化物的研究结果表明, B原子掺杂催化剂的CO₂RR活性和/或选择性有明显提高,然而多数报道的单个活性位点的B掺杂催化剂仅表现出在相对狭窄的电位范围内的CO₂RR高性能,设计制备CO₂RR的宽电位高选择性催化剂仍是巨大挑战.研究表明,合金化是提供多种类的活性位点相互协调和增强催化剂固有活性,进而改善CO₂RR性能并调节产物分布的可行策略.引入B原子到合金中以调节电子结构,最终优化关键中间体吸附的活性位点,对于寻找具有宽电位窗口的先进催化剂具有重要意义.本文提出了一种通过B掺杂调节CuIn合金电子结构以实现宽电位高选择性的...     

纳米SiC基光催化剂研究进展

Industrialization undoubtedly boosts economic development and improves the standard of living; however, it also leads to some serious problems, including the energy crisis, environmental pollution, and global warming. These problems are associated with or caused by the high carbon dioxide (CO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. Photocatalysis is considered one of the most promising technologies for eliminating these problems because of the possibility of converting CO₂ into hydrocarbon fuels and other valuable chemicals using solar energy, hydrogen (H₂) production from water (H₂O) electrolysis, and degradation of pollutants. Among the various photocatalysts, silicon carbide (SiC) has great potential in the fields of photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and electrocatalysis because of its good electrical properties and photoelectrochemistry. This review is divided into six sections: introduction, fundamentals of nanostructured SiC, synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, applications of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, and conclusions and prospects. The fundamentals of nanostructured SiC include its physicochemical characteristics. It possesses a range of unique physical properties, such as extreme hardness, high mechanical stability at high temperatures, a low thermal expansion coefficient, wide bandgap, and superior thermal conductivity. It also possesses exceptional chemical characteristics, such as high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC have been systematically summarized as follows: Template growth, sol-gel, organic precursor pyrolysis, solvothermal synthesis, arc discharge, carbon thermal reduction, and electrospinning. These synthesis methods require high temperatures, and the reaction mechanism involves SiC formation via the reaction between carbon and silicon oxide. In the section of the review involving the strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, seven strategies are discussed, viz., element doping, construction of Z-scheme (or S-scheme) systems, supported co-catalysts, visible photosensitization, construction of semiconductor heterojunctions, supported carbon materials, and construction of nanostructures. All of these strategies, except element doping and visible photosensitization, concentrate on enhancing the separation of holes and electrons, while suppressing their recombination, thus improving the photocatalytic performance of the nanostructured SiC photocatalysts. Regarding the element doping and visible photosensitization strategies, element doping can narrow the bandgap of SiC, which generates more holes and electrons to improve photocatalytic activity. On the other hand, the principle of visible photosensitization is that photo-induced electrons move from photosensitizers to the conduction band of SiC to participate in the reaction, thus enhancing the photocatalytic performance. In the section on the applications of nanostructured SiC, photocatalytic H₂ production, pollutant degradation, CO₂ reduction, photoelectrocatalytic, and electrocatalytic applications will be discussed. The mechanism of a photocatalytic reaction requires the SiC photocatalyst to produce photo-induced electrons and holes during irradiation, which participate in the photocatalytic reaction. For example, photo-induced electrons can transform protons into H₂, as well as CO₂ into methane, methanol, or formic acid. Furthermore, photo-induced holes can convert organic waste into H₂O and CO₂. For photoelectrocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications, SiC is used as a catalyst under high temperatures and highly acidic or basic environments because of its remarkable physicochemical characteristics, including low thermal expansion, superior thermal conductivity, and high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The last section of the review will reveal the major obstacles impeding the industrial application of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, such as insufficient visible absorption, slow reaction kinetics, and hard fabrication, as well as provide some ideas on how to overcome these obstacles.      

金属催化剂光热催化CO2还原的研究进展

CO2的过量排放导致温室效应对环境的影响越来越严重,通过电催化、光催化、热催化、光热催化或光电催化将CO2还原成高附加值的化学品是解决CO2排放的有效途径.其中, CO2的光热催化转化是当前的主要研究领域之一.我们对光热催化进行了总结分类:热助光、光助热、光驱热和光热协同催化,并详细介绍相应的催化机理,总结了金属催化剂用于光热催化CO2还原的最新研究进展,最后提出了光热催化面临的挑战与展望.     

微波溶解-原子吸收法测定白云石中的铁

本文采用微波溶解样品,火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定云石中的铁,由试样分解产物钙盐自行消除硅的干扰,该方法简便快速,相对标准偏差小于１．０４％,测定结果令人满意。     

农药化学现状和发展动向

本文介绍农药化学现状,并与医药化学的研究特点进行比较。近年农药研究比较活跃的领域有天然农药、原农药、手性农药等。在新农药创制中发展较快的有超高效农药、特异性农药(生物调节剂),元素有机农药和复配农药,最后对农药化学展望作一概述。     

应用2D NMR技术研究原七叶树皂甙甙元的结构

原七叶树皂甙甙元是七叶树皂甙经温和酸水解得到的皂甙甙元,系多羟基齐墩果烷三萜类化合物.应用2D NMR技术:¹H-¹H COSY、HMQC、HMBC和NOESY全归属原七叶树皂甙甙元碳和氢质子信号,为该类型化合物的结构签定提供光谱学依据.