具有不同涂层的样品表面双向反射分布函数的三维测量

利用半球空间双向反射分布函数测量装置,采用样本比值法,实验测量了不同材质及涂层表面对激光束在整个半球空间内的双向反射分布函数.分析了漫反射板与无涂层铝板（裸板）表面,以及不同涂层和不同入射角下同一涂层对入射光的反射光强的空间分布,得出了所测几种样品在特定波长激光照射下的表面反射与散射特性.     

紫外光谱辐射定标中的漫反射板反射特性研究

建立了紫外波段漫反射板双向反射分布函数的测量装置,研究了在特定接收条件下铝漫反射板双向反射分布函数(BRDF)随入射角的变化,并对测量误差作了相应的分析,漫反射板定标的相对精度小于2.5％。测量了铝漫反射板从250～650 nm的半球反射比。随着波长的增加,铝漫反射板的半球反射比略呈上升趋势,在紫外探测仪的探测波段300～360 nm之间变化约6%。监测了铝漫反射板的半球反射比随时间的长期变化。铝漫反射板在制备一年后,其半球反射比基本保持稳定,在紫外探测仪的探测波段300～360 nm范围内,其半球反射比平均下降约0.9％。     

CO_2探测仪星上定标铝漫反射板的制备与试验

为了研制CO2探测仪定标漫反射板,采用物理研磨和化学腐蚀相结合的工艺方法制作了铝漫反射板试验样块,搭建了相对双向反射分布函数和半球反射率的测试装置。在0°和45°入射光的情况下,对可见近红外波段的测试结果表明：表面粗糙度影响铝漫反射板的朗伯特性,240#研磨砂制作的漫射板的朗伯特性最佳;化学腐蚀不仅能提高铝漫反射板的朗伯特性,也能提高铝漫反射板的半球反射率。当选取碱蚀温度为室温20℃、NaOH溶液浓度为52.6 g/L时,最佳腐蚀时间约为4 min;镀膜使铝漫反射板的半球反射率平均提高20%,但会使其朗伯特性稍变差;不同波长处铝漫反射板的相对双向反射分布函数略有不同,但变化趋势相同。实验确定了影响漫反射板漫反射特性的关键参数,并定量优化了这些工艺参数,为进一步研制CO2探测仪星上定标漫反射板提供了依据。     

Shape parameters measurement of ultralight mirrors

Two measuring techniques are presented in this paper. These techniques are able to measure and process the shape of the reflecting surfaces. In the first part of the paper the theory and modifications of the optical, mechanical and software design for the Hartmann wavefront analyzer are described. This new method is applied to the non-contact measurement of concave-mirrors shape and objectively defines the shape and specifies the difference of the segment shape from an ideal surface with micrometer accuracy. This difference determines essentially the mirrors image quality. In the second part of the paper attention is concentrated on the other main factor that affects image quality— surface roughness. Thereinafter, physical background and usage of the measuring system and results are presented.     

Prediction of optical properties of paints

The field of predictive rendering concerns itself with those methods of image synthesis which yield results that do not only look real, but are also radiometrically correct renditions of nature, i.e., which are accurate predictions of what a real scene would look like under given lighting conditions. A real coating consists of pigments, effect pigments, clear lacquer and glaze. A novel and unique combination of real parameters that are commonly measured in the industry and a theoretical reflectance model consisting of measurable parameters is required. Here, the authors design perception parameters and put them into well known surface reflection functions such as He and Torrance. The original contributions are the study of the sub-surface scattering of real paint and the prediction of its appearance in rendered images by the proposed model of light reflection beneath the paint surface. Presented at 5-th International Conference Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces, November 19–24, 2006, Smolenice Castle, Slovakia     

粗糙表面激光散射统计建模的遗传算法

首先利用简单几何光学与概率统计的原理，根据粗糙面激光散射特性，对双向反射分布函数进行了简化和数学统计建模。然后通过遗传算法对实验测量数据的拟合，获得更多的物体粗糙表面的光散射信息。最后提出了几种简化的数学统计模型，对实验数据进行优化拟合，均取得了良好的效果。     

Modeling of radiation transport in coupled atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean systems

A radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean systems (CASIO-DISORT) is used to develop accurate and efficient tools for computing the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of sea ice for a wide range of situations occurring in nature. These tools include a method to generate sea ice inherent optical properties (IOPs: single-scattering albedo, extinction optical depth, and scattering asymmetry parameter) for any wavelength between 300 and 4000 nm as a function of sea ice physical parameters including real and imaginary parts of the sea ice refractive index, brine pocket concentration and effective brine pocket size, air bubble concentration and effective air bubble size, volume fraction of ice impurities and impurity absorption coefficient, and sea ice thickness. The CASIO-DISORT code was used to compute look-up tables (LUTs) of the Fourier expansion coefficients of the BRDF as a function of angles of illumination and observation, sea ice IOPs, and ocean albedo. By interpolation in the LUTs one efficiently obtains accurate BRDF values. To include snow on the ice we modified DISORT2 to accept Fourier expansion coefficients for the BDRF as input instead of the BRDF itself, thereby reducing the computation time by a factor of about 60. The BRDF computed by CASIO-DISORT or retrieved from the LUTs applies to diffuse light only. To remedy this shortcoming we added a specular Gaussian beam component to the new BRDF tool and verified that it works well for BRDFs for bare and snow-covered sea ice.     

偏振光谱BRDF建模与仿真

在偏振光条件下,物体的表面反射受到折射率、表面粗糙度、入射角等多种因素的影响。针对粗糙物体表面在不同波段光照下表现出不同的偏振反射特性,提出一种基于Kirchhof理论的偏振光谱BRDF模型。利用已知材质在不同波长下的复折射率,对其折射率和消光系数部分分别反演出的对应光谱模型,进而得到复折射率的光谱模型;同借鉴经典的表面粗糙度测量方法,结合菲涅耳反射公式,推导出表面粗糙度的光谱模型,将得到的复折射率和粗糙度光谱模型与BRDF模型相结合,推导出偏振光谱BRDF建模。模型分别在折射率随波长变化、粗糙度为常量,折射率、粗糙度均随波长变化以及原模型三种情况下进行仿真对比实验,并将所得到的数据与其他资料进行对比。其结果表明,该模型能够较为准确的反映物体表面的偏振反射特性,并且能够描述偏振度随波长变化趋势的光谱特征,能够为偏振遥感、物质分类等方面的应用提供可靠依据。     

基于BRDF理论的散射光谱加和性研究

依据双向反射分布函数理论,推导出散射光谱的加和性原理。散射光谱加和性是指对于材质质点之间无相互作用的平面漫反射体系,在光源与入射面材质不存在干涉、衍射、荧光、光谱上转换和光谱下转换等相互转换作用,且无光化学现象及非线性效应发生的前提下,且符合能量守恒定律的同时,由单光源或多光源照射的材料的散射光谱,等于该材料中每种材质的散射光谱的线性叠加。实验上,以几种材料的散射光谱为例,通过改变探测条件、照明条件和材质比例,进行了散射光谱加和性的实验验证,并且针对实验结果进行了误差分析。单光源条件下的最大实验误差为2.64%,多光源条件下则为2.35%,加和计算偏差均在实验误差允许范围内。由此证明了材料的散射光谱具有加和性,不受组成的材质差异性、材质的面积比例组合多样性、以及实验条件多变性影响。散射光谱加和性的首次提出,不仅为基于散射光谱的复杂结构体的特征提取及识别研究提供了确切的理论依据和有效的分析方法,而且对相关的实验分析和应用研究有着重要的借鉴和参考意义。     

转动圆柱和圆锥的激光距离多普勒像分析模型

提出了一个新的转动圆柱和圆锥的激光距离多普勒像分析模型.该模型能分析圆柱和圆锥的几何参量、表面材料、姿态和脉冲宽度对这两种目标的距离多普勒像的影响,并能退化到平面波下的圆柱和圆锥的多普勒谱分析模型.数值分析了几何参量、表面材料、姿态和脉冲宽度对距离多普勒像的影响.理论和测量相结合,这个分析模型能用来进行圆柱和圆锥参量的识别.这个分析模型的解析表达式对于多普勒速度计和激光雷达应用有着重要的意义. 关键词： 光散射 双向反射分布函数 距离多普勒 目标识别