DISPERSION

本文讨论了群折射率存在的物理意义,指出群折射率不 仅包含了折射率概念而且还体现了折射率的色散性质,同样能作为材料本身的光学 性质参量.接着指出在折射率的白光干涉法测量中存在着忽视色散作用而导致的将群折射率 误认为折射率的情况.将群折射率与折射率区别开来,不仅可以消除折射率测量中所存在的 错误,而且可以突出色散现象在光传播时间特性上的意义.为此建立了折射率与群折射率的 相互变换关系,通过对于典型物质的折射率与群折射率变换关系的计算,说明二者在数值上 的差别甚至对于气体介质来说也是不能忽略的.     

对白光干涉法测量透明介质折射率实验的探讨

在时域中求解得到,光路中存在色散介质的情况下,白光双光束干涉光强度.由此证明了:用白光干涉法测量得到的是白光在色散介质中的群折射率,而并非相关报道中认为的折射率;讨论了介质厚度及色散对于涉条纹的可见度和干涉条纹显现时动镜移动范围的影响.上述结论得到了实验验证.     

等效折射率模型研究光子晶体光纤的色散特性

应用等效折射率模型对折射率导模光子晶体光纤的群速度色散特性进行了详细的讨论。由于光子晶体光纤由单一材料(SiO2)制成,光纤的波导色散决定了总色散,因此讨论中将群速度色散分解为波导色散和材料色散,研究了波导色散与光子晶体光纤的结构参量孔距∧、相对孔径f的关系。分析表明,在f一定的情况下,光子晶体光纤的波导色散与孔距∧的关系符合麦克斯韦方程的比例性质;而在孔距∧确定的情况下,光子晶体光纤的波导色散的零点、极小值点位置与f在所讨论的波长范围内存在线性关系。最后举例说明了通过调整光子晶体光纤的结构参量,可以灵活地设计其色散特性。     

云母晶体双折射率色散特性的研究

针对云母晶体材料本身性质所决定的双折射率色散关系不一致性,给波片设计带来非常不利的影响,提出偏光干涉法研究云母的色散特性.即由分光光度计测量出云母晶体的偏光干涉谱,通过对干涉谱极值点所对应波长的精确判断,准确计算出极值点的最大双折射率,获得从紫外至近红外光波段云母晶体的双折射率色散曲线,经多项式拟合数据处理,得到任意波长的双折射率色散公式.为求解不同温度任意波长的云母晶体双折射率提供了一种精确简单的方法,对云母晶体器件的设计与使用有重要的理论依据和参考价值.     

负折射率材料对Casimir效应的影响

研究了负折射率材料介质板间的Casimir效应.对于负折射率材料中由Drude-Lorentz型色散关系描述的介电常数和磁导率，色散曲线中负值频带的曲线结构由各色散吸收参数所决定，色散曲线负值频带宽度和负区域的深度等性质的变化影响了介质材料板的反射特性，进而对两材料板间的Casimir效应强弱起着重要的作用.     

利用白光干涉技术测量块状材料的群折射率

对群折射率的精确而快速测量是光学工程领域一个基础而又亟需解决的难题,本文提出了一套光谱型迈克尔逊白光干涉系统的解决方案.该系统充分利用了微型光纤光谱仪一次测量便可获得所有干涉信息的特点,无需机械扫描装置,具有结构简单和测量快速的优点.与传统的窗口傅里叶变换算法相比,本文采用小波变换直接从干涉信号的小波脊中提取群延迟,减小了由相位求导得到群延迟过程中引入的误差放大效应,进而提高了群折射率的测量精度.基于此迈克尔逊白光干涉系统,在不同干涉位置处对两块不同厚度的石英和BK7玻璃进行了测量,实验结果表明此方法在宽 关键词： 白光干涉 群折射率 小波变换 傅里叶变换     

椭偏法测量云母波片相位延迟量及双折射率

为了得到云母波片的相位延迟量和双折射率随波长的变化关系,利用椭偏光谱仪连续测量了云母波片在400~770 nm光谱范围内的延迟量.在对云母波片进行校准后,测量的数据被光电探测器收集并输送到计算机,根据输出的数据可以得到云母波片的相位延迟量随波长的变化.利用测得的延迟量计算出了云母波片在一定光谱范围内的双折射率,得到了云母波片的双折射率色散曲线,并通过拟合得到了双折射率色散公式.该方法能测量任意波片的相位延迟量,并且具有测量方便、周期短、精度高等特点.     

椭偏法测量云母波片相位延迟量及双折射率(英文)

为了得到云母波片的相位延迟量和双折射率随波长的变化关系,利用椭偏光谱仪连续测量了云母波片在400～770nm光谱范围内的延迟量.在对云母波片进行校准后,测量的数据被光电探测器收集并输送到计算机,根据输出的数据可以得到云母波片的相位延迟量随波长的变化.利用测得的延迟量计算出了云母波片在一定光谱范围内的双折射率,得到了云母波片的双折射率色散曲线,并通过拟合得到了双折射率色散公式.该方法能测量任意波片的相位延迟量,并且具有测量方便、周期短、精度高等特点.     

菌紫质薄膜光致折射率变化的理论计算和实验测量

基因改性细菌视紫红质BR-D96N由于M态寿命的延长而具有显著的光致变色特性.根据Kramers-Kronig变换关系,样品吸收光谱的变化会引起样品折射率的变化.本文首先从实验上测量了BR-D96N薄膜样品在光激发前后的吸收光谱,然后根据Kramers-Kronig变换关系,理论计算了对应此光致变色光谱变化的光致折射率变化光谱.实验上为了直接测量样品的光致折射率变化,采用Michelson干涉方法测量BR-D96N薄膜在不同探测波长下的光致折射率变化量,并与理论计算曲线进行了比较.     

加入增益介质的表面等离子体激元耦合共振波导传输特性理论研究

将增益介质加入金属环构成的表面等离子体激元耦合共振波导,利用传输矩阵及时域有限差分方法研究了不同增益系数下该耦合共振波导的透射谱线、色散关系以及群折射率.结果表明,增益介质共振频率附近的反常色散及正常色散变化能有效影响由共振波导几何结构决定的色散关系曲线,且具有相反的效果,分别使其变得平坦和陡峭,从而放大和缩小由共振波导几何结构决定的群折射率.另外,增益系数随外加抽运光改变的特点使得加入增益介质的耦合共振波导具有传输性能可灵活调节特性.文章的研究对促进耦合共振波导在高密度光学集成中的广泛应用具有积极意义. 关键词： 增益介质 耦合共振波导 表面等离子体激元 群折射率     

Superluminal light attenuated by strong dispersion of complex refractive index

The propagation of narrow packets of electromagnetic waves(EMWs) in frequency dispersive medium with the consideration of the complex refractive index is studied. It is shown that counting in the dispersion of the complex refractive index within the context of the conventional expression of the group velocity of narrow wave packets of EMWs propagating in a dispersive medium results in the appearance of additional constraints on the group velocity, which dictates that the physically acceptable group velocity can only be realized in the case of a negligible imaginary part of the group index. In this paper, the conditions that allow one to realize the physically acceptable group velocity are formulated and analyzed numerically for the relevant model of the refractive index of a system of two-level atoms in the optical frequency range. It is shown that in the frequency band where superluminal light propagation is expected, there is a strong dispersion of the refractive index that is accompanied with strong absorption, resulting in a strongly attenuated superluminal light.     

A generalized formulation for the refractive index at the geometric-optics limit

Starting from the concept of rapidity considered as generalization of the group velocity, we establish a generalized mathematical expression for the refractive group index of a material medium with little refraction at sufficiently small wavelengths, this index becoming approximately the refractive index at the geometric-optics limit and the phase velocity being approximately equal to the group velocity at the above limit. As main result, we derive an approximate relationship for the refractive index of a medium of small refraction at the geometric-optics limit. This medium is found to be left-handed at sufficiently small wavelengths.     

与色散介质毗邻的一维半无限光子晶体表面态

运用Bloch定理和传输矩阵方法,研究了与色散介质毗邻的由两种材料组成的半无限一维光子晶体局域表面态的电场和色散关系.和以空气为背景的一维光子晶体相比,毗邻色散介质的光子晶体表面模色散曲线在一定堆积次序下会在较低的带隙中发生断开,较高带隙中的表面模群速度在不同堆积次序下会有很大差异.当与色散介质毗邻的物质折射率较大时,较高带隙中的表面模群速度较小;与色散介质毗邻的物质折射率较小时,较高带隙中表面模的群速度较大.     

Dispersionless slow light by photonic crystal slab waveguide with innermost elliptical air holes

We report a low-loss photonic crystal slab waveguide formed by deforming the innermost circle air holes in the conventional photonic crystal slab waveguide into elliptical ones. We obtain the photonic bands and group index of guided modes in this photonic crystal waveguide by guided-mode expansion method and investigate the dependence of photonic bands and group index of guided modes on the parameters of the innermost elliptical air holes. The group velocity and group velocity dispersion of this waveguide strongly depend on the innermost elliptical air holes. Photonic crystal slab waveguide with the optimum innermost elliptical air holes possesses a wider single mode region below the light line, in which light can easily propagate without intrinsic loss. At the same time, the guided mode supported by this waveguide has nearly constant group velocity and vanishing group velocity dispersion in a 3-5 nm bandwidth.     

Control of Group Velocity via Spontaneous Generated Coherence and Kerr Nonlinearity

A four-level N-type atomic medium is considered to study the effect of spontaneous generated coherence (SGC) and Kerr nonlinearity on light pulse propagation. A light pulse is propagating inside the medium where each atom follows four-level N-type atom-field configuration of rubidium (⁸⁵Rb) atom. The atom-field interaction leads to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process. The atom-field interaction is accompanied by normal dispersion and in the presence of SGC and Kerr nonlinearity the dispersion property of the proposed atomic medium is modified, which leads to enhancement of positive group index of the medium. The enhancement of positive group index then leads to slow group velocity inside the medium. A more slow group velocity is also investigated by incorporated the collective effect of SGC and Kerr nonlinearity. The control of group velocity inside a four-level N-type atomic medium via collective effect of SGC and Kerr nonlinearity is the major part of this work.     

Control of Group Velocity via Spontaneous Generated Coherence and Kerr Nonlinearity

A four-level N-type atomic medium is considered to study the effect of spontaneous generated coherence(SGC) and Kerr nonlinearity on light pulse propagation. A light pulse is propagating inside the medium where each atom follows four-level N-type atom-field configuration of rubidium(85Rb) atom. The atom-field interaction leads to electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) process. The atom-field interaction is accompanied by normal dispersion and in the presence of SGC and Kerr nonlinearity the dispersion property of the proposed atomic medium is modified,which leads to enhancement of positive group index of the medium. The enhancement of positive group index then leads to slow group velocity inside the medium. A more slow group velocity is also investigated by incorporated the collective effect of SGC and Kerr nonlinearity. The control of group velocity inside a four-level N-type atomic medium via collective effect of SGC and Kerr nonlinearity is the major part of this work.     

Effects of the Solvent Refractive Index and Its Dispersion on the Radiative Decay Rate and Extinction Coefficient of a Fluorescent Solute

It is well known that the probabilities of radiative transitions in a medium differ from those in vacuum. Excitation of a fluorescent molecule and its radiative decay are examples of radiative transitions. The rates of these processes in solution depend on the optical characteristics of the solvent. In this article the radiative decay rate and the extinction coefficient of a fluorescent molecule in solution are expressed in terms of the intrinsic properties of the fluorescent molecule (electronic transition moments) and the optical characteristics of the solvent (refractive index, group velocity of light). It is shown that the group velocity does not enter in the final expressions for the radiative decay rate and the extinction coefficient; this means that the dispersion of the refractive index has no effect on these quantities. The expressions for both the radiative decay rate and the extinction coefficient contain the refractive index of the solvent and the local field correction factor. The latter depends on the cavity model, and, for some cavity models, on the shape of the cavity. Four types of cavity models are discussed; for each model the limits of applicability are examined. Experimental evidence in support of specific cavity models is reviewed.     

Dispersion characteristics of complex refractive-index planar slab optical waveguide by using finite element method

In this paper, finite element method (FEM) mode analyses of planar slab optical waveguide having complicated refractive index profile are presented. We try to estimate the dispersion graph, mode cut-off condition, group delay and waveguide dispersion for the case of α-power and chirped-type refractive index profile. In order to obtain the more accurate result, we have derived the higher-order polynomial, which establishes the suitable relationship between b and V for different profile of optical waveguide. On the basis of the derived polynomials, the waveguide dispersion is analyzed for different type of refractive index profile waveguide. Our study shows that the waveguide dispersion can be substantially reduced when we deployed the optical waveguide having linearly chirped-type refractive index profile. Earlier too, the arbitrary refractive index profile has been analyzed but to the best of our knowledge chirped-type refractive index profile has not been analyzed till date for the case of planar slab optical waveguide.     

光能够走多慢?——极慢光速研究若干进展

首先介绍了光波群速度，介质的色散性质，电磁感应透明技术等基本概念和理论，对国外极慢光速研究的进展情况做了概括性介绍，并就几个主要实验及结果进行了较为详细的描述，其中包括L.V.Hau小组于1999年完成的“光速每秒17m”实验和D.F.Phillips小组于2001年发表的“在原子气中储存光”实验，文章最后就极慢光速研究在科学和应用两方面的意义及价值进行了讨论。     

Group refractive index measurement by fringes of equal chromatic order

Fringes of equal chromatic order in transmission across a thin liquid or a thin solid sample inside a wedge interferometer, followed with a grating spectrograph, are produced. A single-shot interferogram of the air and sample regions is recorded. Locations of fringes maxima in the air region are fitted in a numerical procedure based on Cauchy's dispersion function. Then it is used for measuring the interferometric gap thickness. The order of interference in the sample region is represented by a third-order polynomial in the wavenumber for deducing the sample group refractive index. An error analysis of the measured group refractive index is given. The method is applied for measuring the group refractive index of water and mica samples across the visible spectrum. The method measures both the sample thickness and its group refractive index. It is static with no moving parts and suitable for thin liquid or solid samples without immersion liquids.