花岗岩在SHPB冲击破坏实验中最低加载应变率的杆径效应

基于Steverding-Lehnigk脆性断裂准则,分析了半正弦应力波加载条件下SHPB杆径尺寸与导致花岗岩试样单次冲击破坏对应的最低应变率之间的关系。采用杆径分别为22、36、50和75 mm的SHPB实验系统对相应尺寸规格的花岗岩试样进行了应变率从高到低的冲击实验,讨论了花岗岩试样在单次冲击破坏情形下对应的最低应变率与实验杆径的相关性。理论和实验结果表明:岩石试样的最低加载应变率随着SHPB杆径的增大而以乘方关系减小,但当应变率低到100 s-1量级时,Hopkinson杆径已超过100 mm,增大Hopkinson杆径降低加载应变率的效果不再明显。     

SHPB系统试件恒应变率加载实验方法研究

为了获得材料准确的动态力学性能参数,提出了两种对试件实现恒应变率加载的实验方法:双试件SHPB方法和将圆柱形子弹改变成柱锥形子弹的SHPB方法。对三种金属材料进行了实验,并用数值模拟的手段对这两种方法进行了验证和比较。     

液压膨胀环恒应变率加载技术

膨胀环实验技术主要包括爆炸膨胀环实验技术和电磁膨胀环实验技术,实验过程中膨胀环的加载应变率在达到峰值后会随着圆环的膨胀而迅速降低,给研究应变率敏感材料的拉伸碎裂带来极大的不便。在前期提出的液压膨胀环实验技术的基础上,发展了一种恒应变率加载技术。首先,从理论上获得了实现金属圆环恒应变率膨胀所需的液压加载曲线的近似表达式;然后,采用有限元流固耦合数值模拟了液压膨胀环装置中1060-O铝环的膨胀碎裂过程,在给定液压加载曲线下,膨胀环的环向应变率在应变率稳定阶段上下波动范围最大不超过20%;并进一步研究了加载曲线对碎裂过程中应变率的影响规律。在液压膨胀环实验装置上对1060-O铝环开展了膨胀环实验,验证了恒应变率加载技术的可行性。     

纤维增强复合材料高应变率拉伸实验技术研究

本文对基于分离Hopkinson杆的反射式纤维增强复合材料动态拉伸实验技术进行了研究讨论。对加载杆中可能影响拉伸应力波波形实验分析的所有干扰波进行了较系统地定量分析研究,认为产生于试样端头与加载杆界面处的两主要干扰波对希望得到的应力波的测量和判别具有严重的不利影响,因此拉伸实验设计必须避开该主干扰波的重叠影响。文中对动态拉伸实验装置、实验要求及信号采集等作了分析。根据对试验结果的分析,针对复合材料动态拉伸实验技术的若干问题提出了一些处理方法和建议,诸如干扰波的规避、冲击信号合理测点的选取、加载杆长度匹配、复合材料拉伸试样的设计要求以及加载连接等问题。这些方法和建议包括在加载杆特定段上贴应变片,考虑到实验的准确性一般不用反射波进行数据计算处理,尽量缩短试样标距等。     

中应变率下钢纤维混凝土受拉全过程实验研究

在简要评述有关中应变速率下钢纤维混凝土动态力学性能的实验研究现状后,详细介绍了在Instron1342材料实验机的基础上经自行改装设计的钢纤维混凝土动态测试系统,并对实验方案、试件制作与加载及量测过程进行了阐述。利用该系统,成功完成了应变率由1.38×10-4s-1～0.532×10-1s-1三个数量级范围内的钢纤维混凝土受拉全过程试验(四点弯拉),得到了中应变率下钢纤维混凝土的应力、应变全过程曲线。同时,对实验结果进行了综合分析,实验结果表明:中应变率下,应变率不同时钢纤维混凝土的应力应变全曲线具有很好的相似性,而峰值应力、峰值应变与弹性模量(割线模量)随应变率的增加均有不同程度的提高。当应变速率从1.38×10-4s-1增大到0.532×10-1s-1时,SFRC的抗拉强度提高30%左右,峰值应力对应的应变提高10%左右,动态拉伸弹性模量提高20%左右。中应变率(1.38×10-4s-1～0.532×10-1s-1)下,当钢纤维掺量从0%增加到4%时,钢纤维混凝土的抗拉强度提高1.3倍左右。     

应变率历史对应力应变曲线的影响

利用普通SHPB实验系统、双试件SHPB实验系统，对一特种钢材进行了不同应变率历史的动态压缩实验，获得了不同应变率历史所对应的应力应变曲线。通过量化平均应变率相同的情况下不同应变率历史所对应的应力应变曲线的差别，以及量化应变率历史的恒定程度，初步分析了应变率历史对应力应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明:特别是在较高平均应变率下，应变率历史对试件材料的应力应变曲线有明显的影响，在材料动态本构关系研究中应当考虑应变率历史的影响。     

实现材料高应变率拉伸加载的爆炸膨胀环技术

设计了新型的爆炸膨胀环实验加载装置,加载装置中采用爆炸丝线起爆方式,避免了传统装置中对碰爆轰波加载时的应力不均匀性。利用新型的爆炸膨胀环实验技术研究了无氧铜材料的动态性能,利用激光位移干涉仪测量了试样环的径向速度历史,处理数据获得了无氧铜材料的流动应力-塑性应变-应变率的关系,为进一步利用爆炸膨胀环实验技术研究材料在高应变率拉伸加载时的本构关系奠定了基础。     

中应变率材料试验机的研制

本文全面介绍了自行研制的中应变率材料试验机的基本情况,此试验装置可在0.1s^-1-50s^-1应变率范围内对哑铃状圆柱试件和哑铃状扁平试件进行拉伸及加卸载实验,对圆柱状态 试件进行了压缩及加卸载试验,通过采用液压驱动、分级调速、缓冲撞击等技术产生上升沿陡峭的平衡加载脉冲,从而实现中应变率试验;通过自定心夹具、液压缸的精密共轴保证试验的可靠性;辅以定位装置实现对试件的加卸载;同时通过力传感器及配套研制的高动态应变仪、光学引伸仪完成应力、应变的测量,经实验考评,表明装置是可靠的。     

玻纤增强复合材料高应变率拉伸实验研究

利用爆炸膨胀环实验技术,对玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRC)进行了高应变率(104s-1)下力学性能研究。实验中使用铜丝汽化引爆装药的方法对驱动环进行能量加载,并采用激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)测量试样环自由膨胀的质点速度,实现了玻璃纤维增强复合材料在104应变率下的一维拉伸破坏,并获取了该材料的速度时间曲线。经过计算得到了材料的应力应变关系,最后与该材料在准静态下、中高应变率下实验得到的数据进行了比较。     

关于材料的应变率敏感效应

本文讨论材料的应变率敏感效应，介绍了确定材料应变率敏感参数的实验方法．     

Rayleigh waves emitted by a propagating crack in a strain-rate dependent elastic medium

A simple model was proposed for the interpretation of the non-circular form of the Rayleigh wavefronts emitted by a fast running crack in a plate. The surface deformation around the crack tip, due to the high stress concentration there, propagated as a surface wave after fracture of this zone. On the other hand, the moving singularity of the crack tip created a dynamic stress field of varying intensity with time all over the specimen. This dynamic stress field resulted in a significant change of the mechanical properties of a strain-rate dependent material and therefore it influenced the velocity of propagation of fracture-Rayleigh wavefronts. An analysis of this varying dynamic strain field explained the non-circular form of Rayleigh waves, accompanying the propagating crack. For the experimental evaluation of the K₁-factor the method of dynamic caustics was used in conjunction with the high-speed photography technique.     

Constitutive equations for a two-component medium under nonstationary loading

I. É. Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School, Moscow. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 76–83, November, 1990.     

An experimental method for the investigation of droplet oscillations in a gaseous medium

An experimental method for the investigation of droplet oscillations in a gaseous medium is presented. The droplets are produced using vibrating orifice droplet generators. Experiments are carried out with droplets in the diameter range from 91 m to 288 m using propanol-2, water, and n-hexadecane; the gaseous host medium is air. Oscillatory motions of the fundamental mode n = 2 and of the first higher order mode n = 3 occur during the disintegration of the liquid jet produced by the droplet generator. The periodical production of the droplets allows the observation and evaluation of each phase of the motion under quasi-steady conditions. Surface energies are determined from the droplet shapes on photos. The periods of the oscillations are found to be very close to the prediction of the linear theory.     

An experimental modal analysis technique for large-scale structures

Summary Using the theory of stationary random vibrations an experimental modal analysis technique, previously suggested and applied by Luz [2–4], is derived. This method does not require an artificial excitation of the structure under investigation and is based on measurements of the system's velocity only. It is well suited for applications to large-scale structures such as high-rise buildings, towers or bridges.

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Ein Verfahren zur experimentellen Modalanalyse bei großen Strukturen

Übersicht Mit Hilfe der Theorie stationärer Zufallsschwingungen wird die von Luz [2–4] vorgeschlagene Methode zur experimentellen Modalanalyse erklärt. Dabei wird keine künstliche Erregung der zu untersuchenden Struktur benötigt und es genügt, die Schwinggeschwindigkeit des Systems zu messen. Das Verfahren ist speziell für große Bauwerke, wie z. B. Hochhäuser, Türme oder Talbrücken geeignet.

     

An elastoplastic damage model for metal matrix composites considering progressive imperfect interface under transverse loading

An elastoplastic damage model considering progressive imperfect interface is proposed to predict the effective elastoplastic behavior and multi-level damage progression in fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites (FRMMCs) under transverse loading. The modified Eshelby’s tensor for a cylindrical inclusion with slightly weakened interface is adopted to model fibers having mild or severe imperfect interfaces [Lee, H.K., Pyo, S.H., 2009. A 3D-damage model for fiber-reinforced brittle composites with microcracks and imperfect interfaces. J. Eng. Mech. ASCE. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000039]. An elastoplastic model is derived micromechanically on the basis of the ensemble-volume averaging procedure and the first-order effects of eigenstrains. A multi-level damage model [Lee, H.K., Pyo, S.H., 2008a. Multi-level modeling of effective elastic behavior and progressive weakened interface in particulate composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 68, 387–397] in accordance with the Weibull’s probabilistic function is then incorporated into the elastoplastic multi-level damage model to describe the sequential, progressive imperfect interface in the composites. Numerical examples corresponding to uniaxial and biaxial transverse tensile loadings are solved to illustrate the potential of the proposed micromechanical framework. A series of parametric analysis are carried out to investigate the influence of model parameters on the progression of imperfect interface in the composites. Furthermore, a comparison between the present prediction and experimental data in the literature is made to assess the capability of the proposed micromechanical framework.     

一种基于SHPB的冲击膨胀环实验技术

设计了一种基于分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)的冲击膨胀环实验装置,实验装置包括一个液压腔,一侧为驱动活塞,另一侧为圆环试件封闭。对活塞施加轴向冲击,利用液体体积近似不可压缩的特性,通过液压腔截面积的大比例缩小,将较低速度的对活塞冲击转化为圆环试件沿径向的高速膨胀,驱动试件发生拉伸变形直至断(碎)裂。使用这种冲击膨胀装置,获得了LY12铝环在不同撞击速度下碎裂过程的初步结果。实验结果显示,随着撞击速度增大,圆环试件碎裂产生的碎片的尺度减小,试件的表观断裂应变增加。这为研究材料的动态拉伸碎裂问题提供了一种加载方式。     

An experimental contribution to near-wall measurements by means of a special laser Doppler anemometry technique

 A new experimental technique for the investigation of near-wall turbulence using laser Doppler anemometry is presented, which allows an accurate measurement of the flow field very close to the wall, with good resolution and a high data rate. Such a technique is tested in a fully developed turbulent flow (with Reynolds numbers between 4,300 and 67,000) by carrying out a careful statistical analysis of the streamwise and wall-normal velocity components within the near-wall region, at distances from the wall ranging from approximately y ⁺ = 1 to y ⁺ = 100. The velocity profiles, Reynolds stresses and higher-order moments of the two-dimensional boundary layer are presented. The results, which are in agreement with the most recent data in the literature, testify the validity of the proposed experimental solution. Moreover, the accuracy of the results allows the friction velocity to be calculated as the intercept at the wall of the best linear fit of the total stress profile; in this way, an unambiguous examination of the normalized statistics is possible. Received: 17 April 2001 / Accepted: 15 August 2001