Dynamic crushing characteristics of high strength steel cylinders with elliptical geometric discontinuities

Thin-walled members are commonly used as energy absorbers in engineering structures and often contain cutouts. This study performed numerical simulations of high strength steel cylindrical shells with elliptical cutouts subjected to dynamic axial impact. The LS-DYNA code was the primary analytical tool used to analyze the influence of cutout locations, cutout shapes and symmetry of cutout on the energy absorption capabilities and the crush characteristics of tubes with a cutout. For high strength steel tubes made from a rate sensitive material, the stress-strain curves of different strain rates were used to elucidate the effect of dynamic impact on the strain rate. Our results show that collapse crushing behavior is strongly influenced by the location and symmetry of cutouts and the variation of major axis influences the peak crush load.     

Elastic-plastic behaviour of dual-phase, high-strength steel under strain-path changes

The elastic-plastic behaviour of dual-phase, high-strength steel sheets under two-stage strain-path changes has been investigated. Three different loading sequences, namely monotonic, 45° tensile path changes and orthogonal tensile path changes complied by sequences of simple uniaxial tensile tests, were analysed at room temperature. From the experiments, it was found that there is a considerable reduction of the initial flow stress over the strain-path changes. The transient softening phenomenon is observed to be a function of orientation, and the period of the transient behaviour following the strain-path change is lengthened with the amount of pre-strain. A constitutive model is adopted that includes combined isotropic and kinematic hardening and is capable of describing the marked transient softening behaviour after the pre-straining. The experimental stress–strain behaviour subsequent to the strain path change is predicted with reasonable accuracy, while the model fails to accurately describe the transient, deformation-induced anisotropy in the plastic flow.     

轴向冲击载荷下薄壁折纹管的屈曲模态与吸能

在方管的基础上引入折纹结构, 利用几何关系建立折纹管的折角公式。采用LS-DYNA软件研究了6种折纹管在轴向冲击下的屈曲模态与能量吸收性能, 并与方管进行对比分析。结果表明, 折纹管在冲击载荷作用下屈曲变形过程可分为3个阶段, 初始峰值阶段、稳定渐进屈曲阶段和密实化阶段。折角是影响初始峰值载荷和平均载荷的重要因素之一, 折纹结构的引入有效的降低了初始峰值载荷, 减小了冲击力的波动幅度; 折纹管的比吸能低于方管, 但是在特定折角下, 折纹管的压缩力效率和比总体效率高于方管。     

多种截面形状薄壁管轴向冲击吸能特性对比研究及优化设计

利用经过台车碰撞试验验证的铝合金薄壁管材料参数对比研究了方形、六边形、八边形和圆形的多种不同截面形状薄壁管在轴向动态冲击下的吸能特性。结合多目标优化算法对吸能特性较好的八边形多胞管进行了参数优化,并提出了一种新的优化设计方案。该方案将多胞管外管、肋板和内管的厚度分别作为优化设计变量,通过与将多胞管取统一厚度作为设计变量的传统方案进行对比发现,采用该方案对八边形多胞管进行优化后明显提高了其在相同压缩力峰值下的能量吸收效率。     

压弯钢管拱极限承载力计算的等效梁柱法

对抛物线完善的和具有初始几何缺陷的钢管拱,应用双重非线性有限元方法,分析了其在拱顶集中力和非对称分布荷载作用下的失稳特性,提出了以GB50017-2003的轴力-弯矩相关方程为基本计算公式、采用考虑矢跨比因素的稳定系数和缺陷折减系数的等效梁柱法,与双重非线性有限元计算结果比较表明,这种等效梁柱法可方便且较精确地计算抛物线压弯钢管拱的极限承载力.     

中低速压缩加载下不同截面构型复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性及失效分析

为研究开剖面复合材料薄壁吸能结构的吸能特性,基于高速液压伺服试验系统,开展了开剖面复合材料薄壁结构轴向压缩试验,分析了截面构型、截面长宽比、触发模式及加载速度对其吸能特性的影响,揭示了其在压溃过程中的失效及吸能机理。研究结果表明,复合材料薄壁结构压溃过程中主要通过材料弯曲、分层、剪切破坏以及压溃区之间的摩擦吸能。截面构型对其吸能特性影响显著,其中,帽形及Ω形试件的平均压溃载荷较C形试件分别高出14.1%和14.6%,比吸能较C形试件分别高出14.3%和14.8%;截面长宽比对复合材料薄壁结构吸能特性的影响不如截面构型明显;触发模式主要影响吸能结构的初始压溃阶段,在降低峰值载荷方面,C形试件采用45°倒角触发效果更好,帽形试件采用15°尖顶触发效果更好;当加载速度从0.01 m/s提高到1 m/s时,C形、帽形及Ω形试件的平均压溃载荷分别下降了6.1%、10.9%和6.1%,比吸能分别下降了6.2%、11.0%和6.2%。     

引入Sierpinski层级特性的新型薄壁多胞管轴向冲击吸能特性

为提高薄壁结构的吸能能力,基于Sierpinski分形结构提出了一种具有层级特性的新型薄壁管,即Sierpinski层级管(Sierpinski hierarchical tube, SHT)。采用非线性有限元法对SHTs在轴向冲击载荷作用下的变形模式和能量吸收特性进行了数值分析,并与普通三角形薄壁管在轴向冲击载荷作用下的变形模式和能量吸收特性进行了对比。结果表明:SHTs的变形模式为轴对称渐进屈曲模式,在薄壁管中引入Sierpinski层级特性后,胞壁弯曲过程的半折叠波长减小,促使压缩过程中形成更多的塑性折叠单元,有利于提高薄壁结构能量吸收能力。进一步基于能量守恒理论和塑性铰理论对SHTs的轴向压缩应力进行理论求解,并通过有限元数值模拟验证其准确性。在相同的相对密度下,一阶、二阶及三阶SHTs的动态压缩应力较普通三角形薄壁管的动态压缩应力提高了85.8%、138.2%和183.8%。将Sierpinski层级特性引入薄壁管的设计中,能够有效提高薄壁管的耐撞性能。     

Axial compression of circular cylindrical bar with coaxial subsurface cylindrical crack of finite length

A fracture stability of a circular cylindrical bar with a coaxial surface cylindrical crack subjected to an axial compression is considered. A state of subcritical initial strain is assumed. A non-classical fracture criterion is based on a local stability loss near the defect. The theory of integral Fourier transforms and series expansions are used to reduce these problems to a system of paired integral equations and then to a system of linear algebraic equations with respect to the contraction parameter.     

负高斯曲率曲面薄壁管吸能特性研究

为设计出具备优良吸能特性的薄壁结构,提出一种新型负高斯曲率曲面圆形横截面薄壁管(negative Gaussian curvature surface circular tube, NGC-C)。利用经验证的有限元分析方法对其进行轴向动态冲击模拟,提取各项性能指标,借助复杂比例评估法(complex proportion assessment, COPRAS)将其与传统薄壁吸能结构进行了综合性能对比。采用拉丁超立方抽样法从设计空间中提取样本点并获取各样本点对应性能响应值,建立代理模型。基于该代理模型,借助改进非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, NSGA-Ⅱ)对其进行了多目标优化设计。结果表明：NGC-C综合性能优于传统薄壁吸能结构,经优化后比吸能提高了16.47%,有效压溃长度降低了12.40%,质量减少了20.18%。将负高斯曲率曲面形态引入薄壁管构型,能够提高薄壁管的耐撞性和轴向抗变形能力。

     

Vortex shedding and structural loading characteristics of finned cylinders

The flow development and structural loading characteristics of cylinders with equispaced circular fins were studied experimentally for a range of fin pitches with constant fin thickness and diameter. The experiments were performed for a range of Reynolds numbers, corresponding to the shear layer transition turbulent shedding regime. Time-resolved planar Particle Image Velocimetry and direct mean drag and fluctuating lift measurements are employed to relate spatio-temporal flow development to structural loading. The results show that wake development is dominated by vortex shedding for all the cases examined. However, the fin pitch ratio has a significant effect on vortex shedding characteristics. The addition of fins increases the characteristic spatial and temporal scales of the main spanwise vortices forming in the near wake. As the fin pitch is decreased to a critical value, the coalescence of boundary layers between the adjacent fins leads to a significant enlargement of the vortex formation region. A modified vortex shedding frequency scaling is proposed, based on the effective diameter, that incorporates a Reynolds number dependence associated with the lateral boundary layers developing on the fin surfaces. A detailed analysis is conducted to characterize the strength of the vortical structures forming in the near wake. The addition of the fins is shown to produce a stabilizing effect on the roll-up process, associated with a reduction in the generation of smaller scale, three-dimensional structures. The results demonstrate that the addition of fins leads to an increase in the mean drag, which is driven primarily by the associated increase in skin friction. The significant effect of the fin pitch ratio on the characteristics of the shed vortices as well as the size of the vortex formation region is shown to lead to substantial variations in the fluctuating loads.     

Prediction of the critical buckling load of multi-walled carbon nanotubes under axial compression

In this paper, we propose a new explicit analytical formula of the critical buckling load of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) under axial compression. This formula takes into account van der Waals interactions between adjacent tubes and the effect of terms involving tube radii differences generally neglected in the derived expressions of the critical buckling load published in the literature. The elastic multiple Donnell shells continuum approach is employed for modelling the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The validation of the proposed formula is made by comparison with a numerical solution. The influence of the neglected terms is also studied.     

三向受压混凝土的动态特性研究

为探究混凝土在三向受压状态下的动态特性,利用自行研制的大型多功能三轴材料试验机,进行不同应变速率(10-5/s、10-4/s、10-3/s、10-2/s)下混凝土不同定侧压比(1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1)的动态真三轴抗压试验,研究了混凝土在动态抗压下的强度和变形特性.结果表明:混凝土在三向受压状态下表现出明显的应变...     

Buckling and post-buckling of long pressurized elastic thin-walled tubes under in-plane bending

The present paper focuses on the structural stability of long uniformly pressurized thin elastic tubular shells subjected to in-plane bending. Using a special-purpose non-linear finite element technique, bifurcation on the pre-buckling ovalization equilibrium path is detected, and the post-buckling path is traced. Furthermore, the influence of pressure (internal and/or external) as well as the effects of radius-to-thickness ratio, initial curvature and initial ovality on the bifurcation moment, curvature and the corresponding wavelength, are examined. The local character of buckling in the circumferential direction is also demonstrated, especially for thin-walled tubes. This observation motivates the development of a simplified analytical formulation for tube bifurcation, which considers the presence of pressure, initial curvature and ovality, and results in closed-form expressions of very good accuracy, for tubes with relatively small initial curvature. Finally, aspects of tube bifurcation are illustrated using a simple mechanical model, which considers the ovalized pre-buckling state and the effects of pressure.     

动态压缩下Zr基非晶合金失效释能机理

为研究Zr 基非晶合金动态压缩条件下的失效释能机理,采用力学试验机、霍普金森杆、高速摄影、差示扫描量热分析(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)等,得到了材料应力应变曲线、高速摄影图像、失效式样微观形貌及DSC 曲线,根据实验数据计算了材料的晶化激活能,并拟合了材料的JH-2(Johnson-Holmquist Ⅱ)模型,对材料动态失效过程进行有限元数值模拟。实验结果表明,压缩条件下材料为脆性断裂,断口处观察到典型的脉状纹样及液滴状结构,材料失效过程伴随着释能现象;数值模拟结果表明,材料裂纹局部的瞬时内能大于材料晶化激活能。动态压缩下材料的失效释能机理即为材料破碎释放储存的弹性势能,并导致材料局部晶化释能,释能强度与应变率成正相关。     

梯度蜂窝面外动态压缩力学行为与吸能特性研究

蜂窝材料具有优异的抗冲击吸能特性.为进一步提高蜂窝材料的比吸能与压缩力效率,提出了一种几何参数或材料参数沿厚度方向梯度渐变的蜂窝材料模型,并针对六边形蜂窝构型研究了胞元壁厚和屈服强度梯度变化的蜂窝材料在面外动态压缩载荷下的力学行为与吸能特性.研究结果表明,通过调控梯度变化的指数,胞元壁厚或母体材料屈服强度的梯度设计均可有效降低初始峰值应力,并使蜂窝材料的比吸能和压缩力效率同时增大.研究结果可为蜂窝材料的防撞性优化设计提供新的思路.     

Nonlinear buckling and postbuckling of heated functionally graded cylindrical shells under combined axial compression and radial pressure

The nonlinear large deflection theory of cylindrical shells is extended to discuss nonlinear buckling and postbuckling behaviors of functionally graded (FG) cylindrical shells which are synchronously subjected to axial compression and lateral loads. In this analysis, the non-linear strain-displacement relations of large deformation and the Ritz energy method are used. The material properties of the shells vary smoothly through the shell thickness according to a power law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituent materials. Meanwhile, by taking the temperature-dependent material properties into account, various effects of external thermal environment are also investigated. The non-linear critical condition is found by defining the possible lowest point of external force. Numerical results show various effects of the inhomogeneous parameter, dimensional parameters and external thermal environments on non-linear buckling behaviors of combine-loaded FG cylindrical shells. In addition, the postbuckling equilibrium paths are also plotted for axially loaded pre-pressured FG cylindrical shells and there is an interesting mode jump exhibited.     

冲击载荷作用下钽电容的电压瞬变特性及微观机理

为探究钽电容在冲击载荷作用下的失效机制,设计并开展了5组不同强度的钽电容水下爆炸冲击实验,研究了冲击载荷作用下钽电容的电压瞬变特性,通过漏电、充电电流变化分析了钽电容的失效模式,利用扫描电镜观察钽电容的微观结构,讨论了冲击载荷作用下钽电容的失效机理。结果表明：钽电容受冲击后发生短路失效,电压大幅度降低,在自愈完成后电压缓慢上升。随着冲击波超压的增大,钽电容失效的概率增大,钽电容失效的临界超压约为32 MPa。不同类型的电压变化对应不同的失效模式,包括击穿后瞬间自愈、击穿后缓慢自愈和多次击穿自愈。不同类型电压变化的初始漏电电流峰值有较大差别,Ⅰ类电流峰值为2.5~5 A,Ⅱ类为1~2 A,Ⅲ类为8~9 A,且峰值越大,峰宽越小。冲击载荷作用下钽电容的微观失效机理与其氧化膜的瑕疵相关,机理包括氧化膜中微裂缝扩展使得局部电场强度超过击穿场强造成击穿、氧化膜较薄区域下方的杂质及晶态膜突出形成导电通道、贯穿型裂缝形成后气体电离导致的击穿。

     

钢纤维混凝土抗侵彻与贯穿特性的实验研究

为考察素混凝土及钢纤维混凝土（钢纤维为平直型与端钩型,体积分数0.01~0.05）抗侵彻贯穿特性,采用12.7 mm弹道炮-测速靶系统开展了初速297~848 m/s的弹道冲击实验,获得了弹丸着靶速度及对应的最大侵彻深度、弹坑直径、靶体（板）破坏形态等实验参数,并利用高速摄影系统记录了靶体（板）的动态破坏过程。实验结果的对比表明,靶板的抗侵彻贯穿性能和破坏模式与钢纤维类型及含量密切相关。当钢纤维体积分数为0.05时,端钩型钢纤维混凝土的侵彻深度与相同强度等级素混凝土相比降低约52%,且贯穿破坏后靶板碎片的数量及飞散角度大幅降低,显示了高含量异型钢纤维混凝土在抗侵彻贯穿方面的适用性。     

纵向冲击压缩下LY12铝合金圆环的塑性失稳

通过对铝合金圆环的纵向冲击压缩研究发现,一定条件下在试件的宏观塑性硬化阶段会出现明显的应力降过程。为揭示此应力降的发生机制,对润滑、细磨、粗磨3种端面粗糙条件下,外径、内径和高度比值为6:3:2的LY12铝合金圆环进行系统的Hopkinson压杆纵向冲击实验。结果表明:应力降主要发生在较大的应变和较高的应变率条件。进一步对实验样品的金相观察发现:应力降产生的内在机制为绝热剪切带的形成和发展,此现象是一种动态塑性失稳的过程。以上结果为金属材料在冲击条件下绝热剪切带产生的研究提供了参考。     

弧形折纸模式薄壁结构的压缩变形与能量吸收

选用PolyMax^TM PLA为试样材料,利用3D打印技术制备了弧形折纸薄壁管件。基于准静态轴向压缩实验,运用ABAQUS软件对弧形折纸薄壁管件轴向准静态压缩和冲击行为进行了有限元计算,探讨了其变形模式和能量吸收特性,分析了预折角和薄壁单胞管件阵列数量对其压溃模式及能量吸收的影响。有限元计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。薄壁管件的变形过程可分为4个阶段：初始压溃阶段、预折角塑性旋转阶段、腹板塑性屈曲阶段和完全压溃密实化阶段。弧形折痕的引入能够有效地降低薄壁管件在压缩过程中的初始压溃载荷峰值,减小冲击载荷的振荡幅值。对比了高度相等、质量近似相等的方管与弧形折纸薄壁管在不同冲击速度下的压缩变形与能量吸收。在准静态压缩作用下,对于单胞模型,仅有折痕倾角为70°的模型的比吸能优于方管;对于多胞管件阵列模型,方管的比吸能均优于折纸管。折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管,其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。在动态冲击压缩下,阵列方管的比吸能均优于阵列折纸管。当冲击速度为10 m/s时,折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管,其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。当冲击速度为20 m/s时,仅有折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率优于方管。