加速器-电子显微镜联机进行材料科学研究的新进展

离子或电子辐照引起的材料微结构演变是一个非常复杂的过程.用加速器 电子显微镜联机装置可原位观察载能离子束辐照及辐照后退火引起的材料微结构演变,并确定相应的辐照条件.介绍了近10年来国际上利用加速器 电子显微镜联机装置开展材料科学研究的最新进展.Ion beam or electron beam irradiation will lead to the change of material microstructure. By the use of facilities composed of an electron microscope and ion accelerator(s), the microstructure evolvement in material can be in situ studied during the irradiation and following annealing processes. The facilities have been widely used to study many kinds of materials, e.g. metal, alloy, ceramic materials and semiconductor, in the past twenty years. In this paper the development of the Accelerator and Electron ...     

基于HIRFL 的高温应力材料载能离子辐照实验装置

针对未来先进核能装置候选结构材料在高温和应力等条件下抗辐照性能的评价与快速筛选的需求,基于兰州重离子研究装置( HIRFL ) 可提供的离子束流条件,设计制作了国内第一套高温应力材料载能离子辐照装置。该装置由束流扫描及探测系统、高温系统、应力系统、真空冷却系统和远程控制系统等5 部分组成,可以同时提供高温和拉/ 压应力下材料的离子束均匀辐照件,温区覆盖了室温至1 200 °C范围,拉/ 压应力范围为0 ~1176 N,x-y 方向均匀扫描面积可大于40 mmx40 mm。利用该装置,已经成功进行了多次高温和应力条件下载能离子辐照先进核能装置候选材料的实验研究,并取得了初步成果。In order to expedite the evaluation of properties of irradiated materials and the selection of candidate materials for future nuclear energy systems, we developed a specific ion irradiation equipment installed on the Heavy Ion Research Facility of Lanzhou ( HIRFL ) for materials under high temperature and stress. This equipment consists of ion beam scanning and detector system, high temperature load system, stress load system, water cooling system as well as telecommunication and control system. It can supply a wide range of temperature (from room temperature to 1 200 °C ) and stress ( pull / push from 0 to 1 176 N) simultaneously for materials under ion irradiation. The x-y scanning area with high uniformity is larger than 40 mm40 mm. This is the first suit of ion irradiation equipment made in China that can be used to study co-operating effects of high temperature and stress in an irradiated material. It has been successfully used several times for materials irradiations under high temperatures and stress, which proved that the new equipment has very good performances in experiments.     

利用高能离子模拟研究反应堆结构材料中的辐照效应

简要介绍了载能粒子辐射损伤对反应堆结构材料性能的影响,阐述了载能粒子束特别是高能离子束开展模拟研究的优势,并举例说明了国内利用高能重离子模拟研究反应堆结构材料辐射效应取得的进展。实验结果和理论分析表明,载能离子特别是高能离子辐照非常适合用于模拟研究反应堆结构材料中由粒子辐射引起的材料微观结构和宏观性能变化,是模拟研究反应堆结构材料辐射效应的非常有效的手段。 Radiation damage in structural materials of fission/fusion reactors is mainly attributed to the evolution of intensive atom displacement damage induced by energetic particles （ n, α and/or fission fragments） and highrate helium doping by direct α particle bombardments and/or （n, α） reactions. It can cause severe degradation of reactor structural materials such as surface blistering, bulk void swelling, deformation, fatigue, embrittlement, stress erosion corrosion and so on that will significantly affect the operation safety of reactors. However, up to now, behavior of structural materials at the end of their service can hardly be fully tested in a real reactor. In the present paper, damage process in reactor structural materials is briefly introduced, then the advantages of energetic ion implantation/irradiation especially high-energy heavy ion irradiation are discussed, and several typical examples on simulation of radiation effects in reactor candidate structural materials using high-energy heavy ion irradiations are introduced. Experimental results and theoretical analysis suggested that irradiation with energetic particles especially high-energy heavy ions is a very useful technique for simulating the evolution of microstructures and macro-properties of reactor structural materials.     

利用HIRFL高能重离子束的核能材料辐照损伤研究

载能重离子与高能中子在材料中能够产生相似的级联碰撞损伤,加之重离子具有大的离位损伤截面和在材料样品中低的感生放射性,载能重离子束成为模拟先进核能装置内部结构材料辐照损伤的重要手段。HIRFL能区的重离子在结构材料中的射程一般远大于晶粒尺寸,因此能够产生材料体损伤,借助小样品技术可以获得材料力学性能变化（尤其辐照脆化）的有用信息,为探讨材料辐照损伤微结构和宏观力学性能变化的关联提供了重要条件。本文简要介绍了近年来我们基于HIRFL高能离子束开展的聚变堆候选材料辐照损伤的研究,包括低活化钢的辐照脆化行为、氧化物弥散强化（ODS）铁素体钢的结构优化对于抗辐照性能的影响、不同载能粒子辐照条件下铁素体/马氏体钢的辐照肿胀数据的关联,以及高能重离子辐照的钨材料中氢同位素的滞留行为。研究表明,结合特殊的测试技术及数据分析方法,高能重离子可作为核能结构材料辐照损伤研究及评估的有效手段。Because of the similarity in cascade damage structure in materials produced by energetic heavy ions and by fast neutrons, and the high displacement rate and low induced radioactivity of samples by heavy ions, heavy ion beam becomes an important tool to simulate radiation damage by energetic neutrons in materials in advanced nuclear energy systems. The ranges of heavy ions provided by HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) are generally much larger than the mean dimensions of grains in alloys candidate to advanced nuclear reactors, and is capable of producing radiation damage in bulk scale. It therefore makes possible the evaluation of change of mechanical properties including the radiation induced embrittlement from the irradiated specimens by using miniaturized specimen techniques. In the present paper, we provide an introduction of our recent studies of radiation damage of materials candidate to future fusion reactors by utilizing heavy ion beams in HIRFL.The studies include issues as follows:ductility loss of RAFM steels causes by high-energy Ne ions, impact of oxide dispersoids on the radiation resistance of ODS ferritic steels, correlation of void swelling of ferritic/martensitic steels under different particle irradiation, and behavior of deuterium retention in tungsten under irradiation with high-energy heavy ions. The results show that high-energy heavy ions can be used as a tool to efficiently investigate or evaluate radiation damage in structure materials if combined with some special test techniques and data analysis.     

先进核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究

首先简要介绍第一代到先进的第四代核能系统的发展、与核能系统发展密切的抗辐照结构材料研发进展、第四代核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究新方法。第四代核能系统发展中,辐照引起材料性能退化是一个需要研究和解决的瓶颈问题。现有中子源都不能满足第四代核能系统结构材料高剂量中子辐照性能研究的要求。为此,发展了用于核能系统结构材料高剂量辐照性能快速检测加速器重离子辐照方法和第四代核能系统实际辐照工况模拟的重离子与氢和氦三束同时辐照新方法,文中进行了详细的介绍。最后介绍了中国原子能科学研究院核能系统结构材料辐照性能研究现状和近期发展计划。该院在HI-13串列加速器器上建立了多种不同用途的重离子辐照装置、三个独立加速器构成的重离子与氢和氦三束同时辐照实验平台,开展了一系列核能结构材料,例如国产改进型奥氏体钢、CLAM钢、1515钢、钽、钨等的辐照性能的系统测试和研究。为了更好地开展核能结构材料性能研究,从国外引进了一台超导直线加速器和一台可变能量重离子回旋加速器。结合现有2×13 MeV,2×1.7 MV串列加速器、30 MeV和100 MeV质子回旋加速器、高压倍加器,中国实验快堆、中国先进研究堆、微堆等,CIAE将建成一个比较完整和先进的核能系统结构材料辐照实验平台系统供国内外用户使用。This paper introduces briefly the development of nuclear energy systems from the GEN I to the advanced GEN IV, the progress of manufacturing radiation resistant materials associated with the development of nuclear energy systems and the new methods of investigating radiation properties of the structural materials for the GEN IV nuclear energy systems at first. Irradiation induced deterioration of materials properties is a bottle neck problem, which must be investigated and solved for the development of the GEN IV nuclear energy systems. Unfortunately, all the currently available neutron sources cannot meet the requirements of investigating radiation properties of structural materials irradiated by high dose neutron irradiation in the GEN IV nuclear energy systems. Therefore, two new methods of the accelerator heavy ion irradiation that simulates the high-dose neutron irradiation and the triple beam irradiation that mimics the real neutron irradiation environment in the GEN IV nuclear energy systems have been developed. These two methods are introduced in this paper. The present status of the study on radiation properties of structural materials for nuclear energy systems of the new generation and the near future development plan at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) are described also. The accelerator heavy ion irradiation facilities for different applications and the simultaneous triple beam irradiation platform with three separate accelerators or implanters have been established at the HI-13 tandem accelerator of CIAE. A series of structural materials for nuclear energy systems, such as the home-made modified austenic steel, CLAM steel, 1515 steel, Tantalum, Tungsten, etc. have been tested and investigated systematically. A superconducting linear accelerator and a variable energy heavy ion cyclotron have been imported from abroad for a better performance of the study. Combined with the currently existing facilities of 2×13 MeV and 2×1.7 MV tandem accelerators, 30 and 100 MeV proton cyclotrons, China experimental fast reactor, China advance research reactor, Miniature neutron source reactor, etc. a comprehensive and advanced system of experimental irradiation platform for structural materials of nuclear energy systems will be established in the near future for both domestic and foreign users.     

抗辐照纳米多层膜研究进展

大量研究表明，晶界和界面可以作为吸收缺陷(如空位、间隙原子) 的“陷阱”，因此含有大量晶界、界面的纳米晶、金属和氮化物纳米多层膜，具备良好的自愈合抗辐照能力，从而成为近年来的研究热点。综述了抗辐照纳米多层膜的研究进展，内容包括:材料的设计与制备，各种辐照模拟手段(如中子辐照、离子辐照和多束离子辐照)。重点介绍了离子束辐照模拟反应堆辐照，多层膜在离子束辐照下的行为(如微观结构和机械性能的演变) 及纳米多层膜抗辐照机理。通过对CrN/AlTiN 多层膜的离子辐照，验证了纳米多层膜中界面对缺陷的吸收作用。对纳米多层膜未来研究方向做了展望。Numerous studies show that interface can serve as effective sinks for radiation-induced defects such as interstitials and vacancies. Owning a large number of interfaces, multilayer nanofilms attract a great research interest. In this paper, we review recent research progress on the development of the multilayer nanofilms for the purpose of radiation tolerance. The paper includes following parts: how to design and prepare multilayer nanofilms materials; evaluation with radiation simulation, such as neutron irradiation, ion irradiation and multi-beam ion irradiation; behaviors of multilayer nanofilms under ion beam irradiation, such as microstructure evolution and changes in mechanical properties; theoretical study on the mechanism of radiation tolerance of multilayer nanofilms. Finally, the challenge and future research directions are briefly discussed.     

Design of the IMP microbeam irradiation system for 100 MeV/u heavy ions

A state-of-the-art high energy heavy ion microbeam irradiation system is constructed at the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This microbeam system operates in both full current intensity mode and single ion mode. It delivers a predefined number of ions to pre-selected targets for research in biology and material science. The characteristic of this microbeam system is high energy and vertical irradiation. A quadrupole focusing system, in combination with a series of slits, has been designed to optimize the spatial resolution. A symmetrically achromatic system leads the beam downwards and serves simultaneously as an energy analyzer. A high gradient quadrupole triplet finally focuses a C^6＋ ion beam to 1 μm in the vacuum chamber within the energy range from 10 MeV/u to 100 MeV/u. In this paper, the IMP microbeam system is described in detail. A systematic investigation of the ion beam optics of this microbeam system is presented together with the associated aberrations. Comparison is made between the IMP microbeam system and the other existing systems to further discuss the performance of this microbeam. Then the optimized initial beam parameters are given for high resolution and high hitting efficiency. At last, the experiment platform is briefly introduced.     

Copper Ion Beam Irradiation-Induced Effects on Structural,Morphological and Optical Properties of Tin Dioxide Nanowires

The 0.8 MeV copper(Cu) ion beam irradiation-induced effects on structural,morphological and optical properties of tin dioxide nanowires(SnO_2 NWs) are investigated.The samples are irradiated at three different doses5 × 10~(12) ions/cm~2,1 × 10~(13) ions/cm~2 and 5 × 10~(13) ions/cm~2 at room temperature.The XRD analysis shows that the tetragonal phase of SnO_2 NWs remains stable after Cu ion irradiation,but with increasing irradiation dose level the crystal size increases due to ion beam induced coalescence of NWs.The FTIR spectra of pristine SnO_2NWs exhibit the chemical composition of SnO_2 while the Cu-O bond is also observed in the FTIR spectra after Cu ion beam irradiation.The presence of Cu impurity in SnO_2 is further confirmed by calculating the stopping range of Cu ions by using TRM/SRIM code.Optical properties of SnO_2 NWs are studied before and after Cu ion irradiation.Band gap analysis reveals that the band gap of irradiated samples is found to decrease compared with the pristine sample.Therefore,ion beam irradiation is a promising technology for nanoengineering and band gap tailoring.     

Research on ZrO2 Thermal Barrier Coatings Modified by High-Intensity Pulsed Ion Beam

We report a modification method for ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings （TBCs） by high-intensity pulsed ion beam （HIPIB） irradiation. Based on the temporal and spatial distribution models of the ion beam density detected by Faraday cup in the chamber and the ions accelerating voltage, the energy deposition of the beam ions in ZrO2 is calculated by Monte Carlo method. Taking this time-dependent nonlinear deposited energy as the source term of two-dimensional thermal conduction equation, we obtain the temporal and spatial ablation process of ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings during a pulse time. The top-layer TBC material in thickness of about 0.2 μm is ablated by vaporization and the coating in thickness of 1 μm is melted after one shot at the ion current density of 200 A/cm^2. This calculation is in reasonable agreement with those measured by HIPIB irradiation experiments. The melted top coat becoming a dense modification layer due to HIPIB irradiation seals the gaps among ZrO2 crystal dusters, and hence barrels the direct tunnel of oxygen.     

重离子束辐照对荷颊囊癌金黄地鼠血清微量元素的影响

探讨了重离子束辐照后荷颊囊癌金黄地鼠血清中微量元素含量的变化趋势。采用0, 4, 6, 8和12 Gy剂量的12C6+ 离子束对荷颊囊癌金黄地鼠辐照治疗后28 d取血, 应用原子吸收光谱仪火焰法测定血清中Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg和Ca 5种微量元素的含量。金黄地鼠成瘤后, 血清中微量Cu, Zn, Ca和Mg元素含量下降, 均明显低于正常组（P<0.05）; 不同剂量的重离子束辐照后28 d, 血清中5种微量元素在低剂量时均呈现继续下降趋势, 在6或8 Gy时恢复到正常组水平, 到12 Gy再呈降低的趋势, 存在一定的剂量-反应关系。重离子束辐照影响荷颊囊癌金地鼠血清微量元素的含量, 具有一定的临床意义。 To study the trend of the changes of trace elements in serum of golden hamster with cheek pouch carcinoma after irradiation by heavy ion beam, the cheek pouch carcinoma of golden hamster was exposed to different doses of heavy ion beam, after 4 weeks, the contents of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg and Ca in serum were detected by flame method of Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The contents of Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg in experimental groups with cheek pouch carcinoma were significantly lower than that of the normal group (P<0.05). After irradiated by 0, 4, 6, 8, 12 Gy heavy ion beam, the 4 Gy group showed a tendency downward, when the irradiation dose reached 6 Gy, the contents of Fe, Zn were increased, and decreased at 12 Gy. While Cu, Ca and Mg content of 8 Gy group rose to the highest, and decreased at 12 Gy. All of the results showed a dose reaction relationship (P<0.05). The irradiation of heavy ion beam maybe significantly affect the content of trace elements in serum of golden hamster with cheek pouch carcinoma.     

Contact welding study of carbon nanotube with ZnO nanowire

Study of proton beam induced welding of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with ZnO nanowires (NWs) has been carried out by proton (H⁺) beam irradiation. The samples were irradiated by 70-keV proton (H⁺) ion beams at different substrate temperatures. The irradiation-induced defects in CNTs and ZnO NWs were greatly reduced at elevated temperature. The crystalline structure of ZnO NWs and MWCNTs were found to remain stable after the irradiation at 700 K. As a preparation step, a coupling of two parallel ZnO NWs with irradiation has also been demonstrated. The welding mechanisms of MWCNTs and ZnO NWs were also been suggested. These two welding processes between same and distinct nanostructures to form homo- and hetero-junctions have provided an opportunity to mass produce interconnecting one-dimensional structures used for the manufacturing of future nanowire-based electronic circuits and devices.     

Large scale silver nanowires network fabricated by MeV hydrogen(H~+) ion beam irradiation

A random two-dimensional large scale nano-network of silver nanowires(Ag-NWs) is fabricated by MeV hydrogen(H~+) ion beam irradiation. Ag-NWs are irradiated under H~+ion beam at different ion fluences at room temperature. The Ag-NW network is fabricated by H~+ion beam-induced welding of Ag-NWs at intersecting positions. H~+ion beam induced welding is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Moreover, the structure of Ag NWs remains stable under H~+ion beam, and networks are optically transparent. Morphology also remains stable under H~+ion beam irradiation. No slicings or cuttings of Ag-NWs are observed under MeV H~+ion beam irradiation.The results exhibit that the formation of Ag-NW network proceeds through three steps: ion beam induced thermal spikes lead to the local heating of Ag-NWs, the formation of simple junctions on small scale, and the formation of a large scale network. This observation is useful for using Ag-NWs based devices in upper space where protons are abandoned in an energy range from MeV to GeV. This high-quality Ag-NW network can also be used as a transparent electrode for optoelectronics devices.     

碳纳米管的离子束焊接研究

用C+离子束轰击多壁碳纳米管后, 发现了大量的由无定形碳纳米线组成的连接结构. 这种用高分辨透射电子显微镜和电子衍射分析确认的离子束焊接方法, 不但可以作为准备纳米电子（光子）学器件和线路的手段, 结合微操纵技术, 也有可能对其它系统器件排布的制作有所贡献.     

纳米金属掩膜和离子辐照技术制备高温超导约瑟夫森结

研究了一种利用纳米金属掩膜和离子辐照技术在高温超导YBCO薄膜上制备Josephson结的方法.首先用在YBCO薄膜甩上一层800nm左右的光刻胶(PMMA),继而在光刻胶上用直流磁控溅射的方法镀上一层大约300nm左右的Cr膜,利用紫外曝光和离子刻蚀的方法在YBCO薄膜上形成覆盖有Cr膜的微桥,然后,利用聚焦离子束系统(FIB)在微桥上刻出一个50nm左右的狭缝,最后利用120keV的H2 对狭缝内的材料进行辐照,从而使狭缝部分的材料超导电性减弱,形成类似SNS型的Josephson结.     

Electrical transport characteristic of carbon nanotube after mass-separated ultra-low-energy oxygen ion beams irradiation

Mass-separated ultra-low-energy oxygen ion beams were irradiated to the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) under an ultra-high-vacuum pressure of 10⁻⁷ Pa for the purpose of achieving n-type conduction of nanotubes. The ion beam energy was 25 eV, which was close to the displacement energy of graphite. The incident angle of the ion beam was normal to the target nanotube. The ion dose ranged from 3.3 × 10¹¹ to 3.8 × 10¹² ions/cm². The structure of SWCNTs after the ion irradiation was investigated. The CNTs still have a clear single-walled structure after the ion irradiation. The graphite structure is distorted and some defects are induced in the nanotube by the oxygen irradiation. The oxygen ions with the ion energy of 25 eV are irradiated to the field effect transistor (FET) device with the nanotube channel. The n-type characteristic appears upon the oxygen ion irradiation, and the device exhibits ambipolar behavior. The defects induced by the ion irradiation may act as the n-type dopants.     

Helium-hydrogen synergistic effects on swelling in in-situ multiple-ion beams irradiated steels

The development of reliable fusion energy is one of the most important challenges in this century. The accelerated degradation of structural materials in fusion reactors caused by neutron irradiation would cause severe problems. Due to the lack of suitable fusion neutron testing facilities, we have to rely on ion irradiation experiments to test candidate materials in fusion reactors. Moreover, fusion neutron irradiation effects are accompanied by the simultaneous transmutation production of helium and hydrogen. One important method to study the He-H synergistic effects in materials is multiple simultaneous ion beams (MSIB) irradiation that has been studied for decades. To date, there is no convincing conclusion on these He-H synergistic effects among these experiments. Recently, a multiple ion beam in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis facility was developed in Xiamen University (XIAMEN facility), which is the first triple beam system and the only in-running in-situ irradiation facility with TEM in China. In this work, we conducted the first high-temperature triple simultaneous ion beams irradiation experiment with TEM observation using the XIAMEN facility. The responses to in-situ triple-ion beams irradiation in austenitic steel 304L SS and ferritic/martensitic steel CLF-1 were studied and compared with the results in dual- and single-ion beam(s) irradiated steels. Synergistic effects were observed in MSIB irradiated steels. Helium was found to be critical for cavity formation, while hydrogen has strong synergistic effect on increasing swelling.     

Ion beam induced crystal-edge nanoclusters at the origin of poly(ethylene glycol) film stabilization

PEG films stabilized by noble gas ion beam irradiation showed characteristic clustering at the crystal edges. These structures appear in determined ion beam conditions after exposure to Ar and Kr ions. Atomic force microscopy exploration indicates that, rather than presenting drastic topographic features, the nanostructures show radically different elastic properties. Within the concerned set of ion beam conditions, the surface properties are observed to vary according to the absorbed energy as suggested by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. These analyses predict that Ar irradiation in the 500-600 V extraction potential range is an appropriate condition for PEG stabilization.     

Formation,Dynamics, and Characterization of Nanostructures by Ion Beam Irradiation

Ion beam irradiation is a potential tool for phase formation and material modification as a non-equilibrium technique. Localized rise in temperature and ultra fast (～10^?12 s) dissipations of impinging energy make it an attractive tool for metastable phase formation. As a matter of fact, a major component of materials science is dominated by ion beam methods, either for synthesis of materials or for its characterization. The synthesis of nanostructures, and their modification by ion beam technique will be discussed in this review article. Formation of nanostructures using ion beam technique will be discussed first. Depending on species (e.g., mass and charge state) and energy range, there are various modes for an energetic ion to dissipate its energy. The role of the electron will also be covered in this article as a basic principle of its interaction with matter, which is same as for an ion. By using a simple reactive ion beam or electron induced deposition, a secondary phase can be nucleated by ion beam mixing techniques, either by using inert gas irradiation or reactive gas implantation on any desired substrate. Nucleation of secondary phase can also be executed by electron irradiation and direct implantation of either negative or positive ions. Post implantation annealing processes are required for the complete growth of clusters formed in most of these ion irradiation techniques. Implantation processes being inherently a non-equilibrium technique, defects always have a role to play in phase formation, amorphization, and beyond (blister formation). When implanted with large energy, even electrons, one of the lightest charged particles, also manifest these properties. Electronic and nuclear energy losses of the impinging charged particle play a crucial role in material modification. Doping a nanocluster, however, is still a controversial topic. Some light will be shed on this topic with a discussion of focused ion beam.     

测量离子束横向截面的闪烁体屏的热分析

针对基于闪烁屏-CCD(电荷耦合元件)相机的氘离子束横向强度分布测量系统,利用ANSYS软件模拟计算了在直流及脉冲模式下,能量100 keV、束斑直径3 mm氘离子轰击造成的Al₂O₃, SiO₂以及锗酸铋(BGO)三种候选闪烁体材料的表面温度变化。结果表明,在30 μA的直流氘离子束轰击下,闪烁体表面温度随辐照时间急剧地升高。持续时间10 min的氘离子束轰击将使三种材料前表面的温度分别升高131,234和649 ℃。对于峰值流强30 μA、重复频率1 Hz、脉宽5 μs的重复频率脉冲氘离子束,每个脉冲引起的三种闪烁屏表面的温度升高均小于0.05 ℃,且长时间的离子辐照基本不会造成闪烁屏的表面温度有明显的升高。对于脉宽5 μs的单脉冲氘离子束,三种材料的表面温度均随离子流强近似呈线性地增加。在单脉冲模式下,Al₂O₃,SiO₂以及BGO闪烁屏能允许的最高离子流强分别为2.32,1.08和0.72 A,超过此流强其表面温度将达到熔点。     

Use of radiation effects for a controlled change in the chemical composition and properties of materials by intentional addition or substitution of atoms of a certain kind

This study is a continuation of works [1–12] dealing with the field developed by the authors, namely, to widen the possibilities of radiation methods for a controlled change in the atomic composition and properties of thin-film materials. The effects under study serve as the basis for the following two methods: selective atom binding and selective atom substitution. Such changes in the atomic composition are induced by irradiation by mixed beams consisting of protons and other ions, the energy of which is sufficient for target atom displacements. The obtained experimental data demonstrate that the changes in the chemical composition of thin-film materials during irradiation by an ion beam of a complex composition take place according to mechanisms that differ radically from the well-known mechanisms controlling the corresponding chemical reactions in these materials. These radical changes are shown to be mainly caused by the accelerated ioninduced atomic displacements in an irradiated material during irradiation; that is, they have a purely radiation nature. The possibilities of the new methods for creating composite structures consisting of regions with a locally changed chemical composition and properties are demonstrated for a wide class of materials.