Influence of lateral electric field on intraband optical absorption in concentric double quantum rings

The influence of lateral electric field on one-electron states and intraband absorption in two-dimensional concentric double quantum rings is investigated. The confining potential of the rings is modeled as a double harmonic central potential. Using the exact diagonalization technique, we calculate the dependence of the electron energy spectrum as a function of the electric field strength as well as the inner ring radius. Also, different values of confinement strength are considered. Selection rule is obtained for intraband transitions, caused by the direction of incident light polarization. The intraband absorption coefficient is calculated for different values of electric field strength, inner ring radius, confinement strength and incident light polarization direction. The combined influence of electric field strength and change of confining strength show that while the increment of the first one leads only to blueshift of absorption spectrum, the augment of the second one makes the redshift. In addition, both blueshift and redshift of the spectrum have been obtained with the enlargement of inner ring radius. Finally, we show that the absorption spectrum undergoes redshift by changing the polarization of incident light from x- to y-axis.     

Surface instability of a current carrying plasma under the influence of a high frequency electric field

Surface instability of a collisionless semi-infinite current carrying plasma is studied. The semi-infinite plasma bounded by a plane surface is under the influence of a high frequency (hf) field. There are two classes of surface modes. One is a normal extension of zero high frequency field and the other due entirely to the presence ofhf field. As expected, with the increase in thehf field, the growth rates of the surface instabilities decrease. There are regions defined by the electron drift velocityu where the unstable surface and bulk regions overlap. The interesting result is that unlike the bulk plasma, there is a stable region on theu-axis flanked by two unstable regions. The width of this stable region increases with the increase in the field strength.     

Wetting of aluminium and carbon interface during preparation of Al-Ti-C grain refiner under ultrasonic field

In the preparation of an Al-Ti-C grain refiner under an ultrasonic field, the mechanism of the wetting behaviour between Al and C was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the wetting behaviour was mainly dependent on the wetting of the Al melt on graphite under the ultrasonic field (physical wetting) and the formation and mass transfer of TiC (reactive wetting). The diffusion of Ti atoms and their adsorption around the graphite could contribute to the wetting of Al-C. TiC particles were formed under the high temperature caused by the cavitation effect, and they detached from the interface due to the sound pressure, which resulted in consistently sufficient contact on the wetting interface. Moreover, the wetting and spreading behaviour of the Al melt on graphite under an ultrasonic field were numerically simulated, strongly manifesting that the ultrasonic field could facilitate the wetting of the Al-C interface.     

Binding energies of donor impurities in modulation-doped double quantum wells under an electric field

In this study, we have investigated theoretically the binding energies of shallow donor impurities in modulation-doped GaAs/Al_0.33Ga_0.67As double quantum wells (DQWs) under an electric field which is applied along the growth direction for different doping concentrations as a function of the impurity position. The electronic structure of modulation-doped DQWs under an electric field has been investigated by using a self-consistent calculation in the effective-mass approximation. The results obtained show that the carrier density and the depth of the quantum wells in semiconductors may be tuned by changing the doping concentration, the electric field and the structure parameters such as the well and barrier widths. This tunability gives a possibility of use in many electronic and optical devices.     

Numerical study on transient response of droplet deformation in a steady electric field

The transient response of droplet deformation in a steady electric field is investigated by the numerical simulation and the motion of interface is captured by level-set method. The numerical scheme is validated and found to be in good agreement with classic analytical solutions. The effects of electric field intensity, interfacial tension, oil viscosity and droplet size on the transient deformation process are systematically discussed. The numerical results show that electric field intensity can accelerate the deformation of the droplet, while interfacial tension and oil viscosity damp it. Furthermore, the relation between electric capillary number and dimensionless deformation time is obtained.     

Deformation and breakup of aqueous drops in viscous oil under a uniform AC electric field

Electric coalescence in alternating current (AC) electric fields is an important electrical dehydration technology. The deformation and breakup of water drops are crucial to the application of this process. In this study, these procedures were examined experimentally in an AC electric field using a high-speed camera. The deformation and breakup of drops depend on the intensity and frequency of this field. Deformation is aggravated by the increase in frequency under a constant electric field strength. Furthermore, the electric strength of breakup weakens as the frequency increases. Thus, understanding the deformation process can help advance electrocoalescencer design.     

强流脉冲下重复滑动电接触界面的电热特性

固体电枢电磁轨道发射中,膛内枢轨滑动电接触的电热特性关系到滑动界面的接触状态、电流传导品质和界面能量耗散,制约着系统效率和轨道寿命。设计开展了多组不同电流线密度的多发重复试验,通过采集电气试验数据进行迭代计算,得到了滑动接触电阻和界面焦耳热耗散功率的动态变化规律,分析了沉积物随重复发射的演变及电流线密度对电热特性的影响规律,并结合试验后轨道表面熔蚀沉积检测,讨论了滑动电接触界面的演变过程。结果表明：接触电阻稳定临界点和焦耳热耗散功率峰值点都出现在脉冲电流下降沿,接触电阻稳定值量级为10-2 m,焦耳热功率峰值幅值可达10-1 MW;炮口速度随重复次数的增加而降低并趋于稳定,多次重复发射对滑动接触电阻和焦耳热功率较小的影响表明沉积物在发射中再次熔融并对电接触起积极作用;而即使输入能量一致,电流线密度的变化也显著影响了界面焦耳热的生成。     

高场强下金属化膜电容器绝缘电阻特性

分析了高电场强度下金属化膜电容器绝缘电阻的特点,得出高电场强度下金属化膜电容器绝缘电阻是电容器介质膜泄漏和自愈过程的综合反映。针对高场强下的应用条件提出一种金属化膜电容器绝缘电阻的测试方法,并对高场强下电容器的绝缘电阻进行测试。测试结果表明：在300~400 V/m工作场强范围内金属化膜电容器绝缘电阻随工作场强增大会急剧减小,由于自愈的作用,绝缘电阻下降幅度随场强增加会逐渐变缓;在20~50 ℃工作温度范围内,金属化膜电容器绝缘电阻随温度升高会急剧减小,同样由于自愈的作用,绝缘电阻下降幅度随温度增高会逐渐变缓。分析得出,高温高场强下金属化膜电容器介质膜泄漏将会导致电容器电压出现明显下降,影响电容器和脉冲功率系统的储能效率。     

外加电场作用下碳纳米管结构稳定性及结构修饰研究

利用外加电场的方法，对多壁碳纳米管的结构稳定性进行了研究.结果表明当场强达到30 V/nm时，碳纳米管端部的结构失稳，端部碳原子间的π键被打开，外部原子开始进入到碳纳米管的结构中.利用电子显微镜作为纳米加工仪器，通过外加电场的方法在多壁碳纳米管的端部制备了非晶态碳纳米线，形成碳纳米管-纳米线复合结构.碳纳米管和纳米线结合处的σ键作为绝缘界面，形成了电子输运的势垒.     

Kondo effect in a double quantum-dot molecule under the effect of an electric and magnetic field

Electron tunneling through a double quantum-dot molecule, in the Kondo regime, under the effect of a magnetic field and an applied voltage, is studied. This system possesses a complex response to the applied fields characterized by a tristable solution for the conductance. The different nature of the solutions are studied in and out thermodynamical equilibrium. It is shown that the interdot coupling and the fields can be used to control the region of multistability. The mean-field slave-boson formalism is used to obtain the solution for the problem.     

Relaxation phenomena of polar non-polar liquid mixtures under low and high frequency electric field

Simultaneous calculation of the dipole moment μ_j and the relaxation time τ_j of a certain number of non-spherical rigid aliphatic polar liquid molecules (j) in non-polar solvents (i) under 9.8 GHz electric field is possible from real ε′_ij and imaginary ε″_ij parts of the complex relative permittivity ε*_ij. The low frequency and infinite frequency permittivities ε_0ij and ε_∞ij measured by Purohitet al [1,2] and Srivastava and Srivastava [3] at 25, 35 and 30°C respectively are used to obtain static μ_s. The ratio of the individual slopes of imaginary σ″_ij and real σ′_ij parts of high frequency (hf) complex conductivity σ*_ij with weight fractionsw _jatw _j → 0 and the slopes of σ″_ij— σ′_ij curves for differentw _js [4] are employed to obtain τ_js. The former method is better in comparison to the existing one as it eliminates polar-polar interaction. The hf μ_js in Coulomb metre (C m) when compared with static and reported μs indicate that μ_s s favour the monomer formations which combine to form dimers in the hf electric field. The comparison among μs shows that a part of the molecule is rotating under X-band electric field [5]. The theoretical μ_theos from available bond angles and bond moments of the substituent polar groups attached to the parent molecules differ from the measured μ_js and μs to establish the possible existence of mesomeric, inductive and electromeric effects in polar liquid molecules.     

Surface-driven instability and enhanced relaxation in the dynamics of a nonequilibrium interface

We determine the stability of a nonequilibrium interface between two coexisting solid phases in the presence of a weak external field. Starting at the coarsegrained (Cahn-Hilliard) level, we use the method of matched asymptotics to derive the macroscopic interfacial dynamics. We then show that the external field leads to an instability due to flux along the interface, in contrast with the more common Mullins-Sekerka type instability, which involves fluxes normal to the interface. We also find that the external field produces an important modification of the Gibbs-Thomson relation. With these results, we perform the linear stability analysis for an approximately flat interface. If the field is tangent to the interface, the modification of the Gibbs-Thomson relation is important and the interface is stabilized. If the field is normal to the interface, the surface flux is important, and the effect can be stabilizing or destabilizing, but the orientational dependence is opposite what would be obtained if the Mullins-Sekerka instability dominates. Numerical simulations are performed to study the effect of the surface current and are in agreement with our analytical results.     

A new structure and its analytical model for the vertical interface electric field of a partial-SOI high voltage device

A new partial-SOI (PSOI) high voltage device structure called a CI PSOI (charge island PSOI) is proposed for the first time in this paper. The device is characterized by a charge island layer on the interface of the top silicon layer and the dielectric buried layer in which a series of equidistant high concentration n⁺-regions is inserted. Inversion holes resulting from the vertical electric field are located in the spacing between two neighbouring n⁺-regions on the interface by the force with ionized donors in the undepleted n⁺-regions, and therefore effectively enhance the electric field of the dielectric buried layer (E_I) and increase the breakdown voltage (BV), thereby alleviating the self-heating effect (SHE) by the silicon window under the source. An analytical model of the vertical interface electric field for the CI PSOI is presented and the analytical results are in good agreement with the 2D simulation results. The BV and E_I of the CI PSOI LDMOS increase to 631~V and 584~V/μ m from 246~V and 85.8~V/μ m for the conventional PSOI with a lower SHE, respectively. The effects of the structure parameters on the device characteristics are analysed for the proposed device in detail.     

外电场下PbO作硫化剂交联聚乙烯分子结构及特性

本文研究外加电场对离子交联聚乙烯的微观结构和能量特性的影响,使用分子模拟法建立PbO作硫化剂的交联聚乙烯分子模型,通过半经验法对模型进行几何优化同时施加沿X轴方向的外电场,计算离子交联聚乙烯的分子总能量、偶极矩、极化率、分子轨道能量、能隙、红外光谱、电荷分布并进行分析.得出结论:随着外加电场的上升,交联聚乙烯分子结构会发生变化,当外加电场过大时本文所建交联聚乙烯分子离子盐桥的S-Pb-S键将会发生断裂形成自由基.外加电场会使分子内部的电荷从交联聚乙烯碳链端部向离子盐桥转移,盐桥处Pb原子电荷量不断积累,到达临界点时将会断裂形成电荷量较大的Pb自由基,在外加电场的作用下进一步影响交联聚乙烯分子的稳定性导致其性能下降,研究结果对交联聚乙烯的电树枝老化生成提供参考.     

Dielectrophoretic motions of a single particle in the vicinity of a planar wall under a direct-current electric field

We have numerically investigated two-dimensional dielectrophoretic motions of one particle induced due to interactions with a nearby planar wall under uniform electric field. Results show that the motions depend strongly on the gap between the particle and wall and their conductivity combination while the motion direction is determined uniquely by the wall conductivity. The particle is repelled to move farther away from the wall less conductive than the fluid, and vice versa. The motions become strengthened as either conductivity of the particle or wall deviates further from that of the fluid. Finally, the mechanism for the wall-induced DEP motions is examined.     

Modeling of stress transfer behavior in fiber-matrix composite under axial and transverse loadings

Interface between fiber and matrix as a stress transfer medium determines composite performances in load-bearing structures. For instance, failures in composite are most likely initiated by an accumulation of interfacial cracks allowing little or no stress transfer from the matrix to the fiber and vice versa. This paper studies stress transfer behaviors at the interface subject to axial and transverse loadings using the finite element method. Single fiber surrounded by matrix was modeled by introducing a cohesive zone model (CZM) at the interface taking into account the bonding mechanism. By the proposed technique, plastic deformation in the matrix and exerted friction at the interface was verified to govern the role of stress transfer at the interface. Further, the influence of other fibers in matrix surrounding the model was also discussed.     

Level set simulations of turbulent thermonuclear deflagration in degenerate carbon and oxygen

We study the dynamics of thermonuclear flames propagating in fuel stirred by stochastic forcing. The fuel consists of carbon and oxygen in a state which is encountered in white dwarfs close to the Chandrasekhar limit. The level set method is applied to represent the flame fronts numerically. The computational domain for the numerical simulations is cubic, and periodic boundary conditions are imposed. The goal is the development of a suitable flame speed model for the small-scale dynamics of turbulent deflagration in thermonuclear supernovae. Because the burning process in a supernova explosion is transient and spatially inhomogeneous, the localized determination of subgrid scale closure parameters is essential. We formulate a semi-localized model based on the dynamical equation for the subgrid scale turbulence energy k _sgs. The turbulent flame speed s _t is of the order √2k _sgs. In particular, the subgrid scale model features a dynamic procedure for the calculation of the turbulent energy transfer from resolved toward subgrid scales, which has been successfully applied to combustion problems in engineering. The options of either including or suppressing inverse energy transfer in the turbulence production term are compared. In combination with the piece-wise parabolic method for the hydrodynamics, our results favour the latter option. Moreover, different choices for the constant of proportionality in the asymptotic flame speed relation, s _t∝√2k _sgs, are investigated.     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and high dynamic pressure on stability and rheological properties of model oil-in-water emulsions

Both static and dynamic high pressure applications provide interesting modifications in food structures which lead to new product formulations. In this study, the effects of two different treatments, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and high dynamic pressure (HDP), on oil-in-water emulsions were identified and compared. Microfluidization was selected from among the HDP homogenization techniques. The performance of each process was analyzed in terms of rheological modifications and emulsion stability improvements compared with the coarse emulsions. The stability of the emulsions was determined comparatively by using an analytical photo-centrifuge device employing novel analysis technology. Whey protein isolate (WPI) in combination with a food polysaccharide (xanthan gum, guar gum or locust bean gum) were used as emulsifying and stabilizing ingredients. The effective disruption of oil droplets and the degradation of polysaccharides by the shear forces under high pressure in HDP microfluidization yielded finer emulsions with lower viscosities, leading to distinctive improvements in emulsion stability. On the other hand, improvements in stability obtained with HHP treatment were due to the thickening of the emulsions mainly induced by protein unfolding. The corresponding increases in viscosity were intensified in emulsion formulations containing higher oil content. Apart from these, HHP treatment was found to be relatively more contributive to the enhancements in viscoelastic properties.     

Electric field effects on the linear and nonlinear intersubband optical properties of double semi-parabolic quantum wells

In this work, the effects of the electric field on the optical properties of the symmetric and asymmetric double semi-parabolic quantum wells (DSPQWs) are investigated numerically for typical GaAs/Al_xGa_1−xAs. Optical properties are obtained using the compact density matrix approach. Our calculations for the asymmetric DSPQW show that the resonant peak values of the total refractive index change and total optical absorption coefficient are maximum for a certain value of the applied electric field, due to the anti-crossing effect. However, for the symmetric DSPQW, the resonant peak values of these optical properties decrease monotonically with increasing the applied electric field. Also, our results indicate that a larger value of the optical rectification coefficient of the symmetric DSPQW can be induced by applying a small electric field.     

Steady and transient behavior of perylene under high pressure

Pressure can reduce the distances among atoms, thereby modifying the overall optical characteristics of molecules. In this article, the excited state behavior of perylene is carefully observed under isotropic pressure and non-complexing condition. In a steady state, absorption peak shows red shift and spectral width are broadened with pressure increasing, which is ascribed to the π-electron delocalization between molecules. In a transient state, the transition dynamics presents a wavelike tendency with pressure increasing because the shift of self-tapping exciton state is contrary to that of Y-state with pressure increasing. The results conduce to understanding the influence of inter-molecule interaction on excited state behavior with inter-molecule distance decreasing, which contributes to studying the materials under extreme condition.