A high temperature sensor based on a peanut-shape structure Michelson interferometer

A fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity based on a Michelson interferometer is realized by fusion-splicing a peanut-shape structure in single-mode fiber (SMF). The theory and experimental results show that the peanut-shape structure can couple the light energy of the core mode into the cladding and re-couple the light in the cladding into the core. A high-quality interference spectrum with a fringe visibility of about 18 dB is observed. Experimental demonstration shows that the device can be heated up to 900 °C with a sensitivity of about ∼0.096 nm/°C. The device has the advantages of low-cost, high sensitivity and easy fabrication, which makes it attractive for sensing applications.     

Highly sensitive bend sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer using photonic crystal fiber

Optical fiber bend sensor with photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is demonstrated experimentally. The results show that the PCF-based MZI is sensitive to bending with a sensitivity of 3.046 nm/m⁻¹ and is independent on temperature with a sensitivity of 0.0019 nm/°C, making it the best candidate for temperature insensitive bend sensors. To that end, another kind of bend sensor with higher sensitivity of 5.129 nm/m⁻¹ is proposed, which is constructed by combining an LPFG and an MZI with zero offset at the second splice mentioned above.     

高灵敏度光纤温度传感器

针对深井温度变化小,提出了一种可用于深井温度测量的高灵敏度光纤温度传感器。两根陶瓷插芯从铝管的两端插入构成外腔式光纤法珀干涉仪(EFPI)结构,用螺钉固定插芯,再用高强度的环氧树脂密封该结构,达到防水防尘效果。金属铝和陶瓷插芯具有不同的热膨胀系数,温度的变化将引起EFPI腔长变化,采用高灵敏度光纤白光干涉测量技术,就可以通过测量EFPI腔长获得被测温度。分别在固定温度和不同温度下,对腔长为146.5μm的EFPI光纤温度传感器进行了连续测量。测量结果表明,高灵敏度EFPI光纤温度传感器的腔长-温度灵敏度为260nm/℃,温度测量分辨率为0.002℃。     

分布式光纤温度压力传感器设计

为了实现油田井下温度压力的全分布式测量,提出了一种基于光纤散射原理的分布式温度压力测量方法。该方法通过对普通光纤进行封装设计,制作成传感光纤。由于光纤传感器周围流体的温度和压力会对传感光纤内的散射光产生调制作用,通过光纤解调仪解调出光纤拉曼散射参数和布里渊散射频移就能够实现温度和压力的实时在线测量。实验结果表明:设计的分布式光纤温度压力传感器可以实现的温度测量分辨率为0.1 ℃,压力测量分辨率为0.07 MPa。基本满足油田井下温度压力测量的全分布式、实时在线、可靠性高、精度高、抗干扰能力强等要求。     

基于Michelson干涉仪的高灵敏度光纤高温探针传感器

提出了一种简单的高灵敏度的光纤高温探针传感器, 该传感器由一小段多模光纤和一端镀有银膜的单模光纤熔接而成. 由于单模光纤和多模光纤的纤芯直径不同, 当光波从多模光纤传输至多模光纤和单模光纤的熔接端面时, 一部分纤芯光耦合进包层, 因为单模光纤纤芯的折射率和包层的折射率不同, 不同模式的光经过银膜反射后在多模光纤内重新耦合进单模光纤, 最终形成干涉.随着外界温度的升高, 干涉谱峰值会向长波方向漂移. 实验结果证明这种传感器在470 ℃–600 ℃范围内具有很好的稳定性, 线性度达99.7%, 灵敏度为120 pm/℃, 可作为远距离反射型探针温度传感器, 在石油探测和油气田开发等领域有着广泛的应用前景. 关键词： 光纤传感 温度测量 Michelson干涉     

Curvature measurement by using low-birefringence photonic crystal fiber based Sagnac loop

An optical fiber curvature sensor with low-birefringence photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based Sagnac loop is demonstrated experimentally. The low-birefringence PCF of about 40 cm long is inserted into Sagnac loop, and a section of it about 155 mm is used as the sensing element. The Sagnac output spectra under different curvatures are measured and analyzed. The results show that the wavelength shift of the transmission dip has a linear relationship with the curvature. The sensitivity of the curvature measurement of − 0.337 nm is achieved in the range of 0-9.92 m^− 1. And the temperature effect of the proposed sensor is also analyzed.     

Polarization maintaining index-guided photonic crystal fiber sensor for slowly varying pressure measurement

The paper presents an experimental investigation of slowly varying pressure measurement using the polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor. Versatility of the sensor has been proved by analyzing its response for various types of time varying pressure profiles viz. exponentially decaying, sinusoidally varying and linearly increasing pressure. Temporal behavior of the sensor has been fully characterised. Dependence on temperature has been explored and it is found that the sensor is an attractive choice for applications in harsh environments.     

基于游标效应的增敏型光纤法布里-珀罗干涉仪温度传感器

本文介绍了一种高灵敏度光纤温度传感器.该传感器由一小段毛细管熔接于单模光纤和一段大模场光纤之间而构成串联的两个法布里-珀罗干涉仪.由于俩干涉仪具有相近的自由光谱区,因而它们的叠加光谱会产生游标效应.实验结果显示,利用游标效应解调,该传感器的温度灵敏度可从单一空气腔法布里-珀罗干涉仪的0.71 pm/℃提高到179.30 pm/℃.该传感器结构紧凑(1 mm)且灵敏度高,具有良好的应用前景.     

基于飞秒激光加工的微纳高温光纤振动传感器

报道了一种基于飞秒激光加工的微纳高温振动传感器。通过熔接形成单模光纤-空芯光纤-单模光纤的结构,利用单模光纤和空芯光纤在熔接面形成的菲涅尔反射,构成外腔式法布里-珀罗干涉仪(EFPI)。用飞秒激光烧蚀空芯光纤,形成悬臂梁结构。末端的单模光纤作为质量块,在受到振动时带动悬臂梁振动,使悬臂梁产生微弯,进而使EFPI腔长发生变化。实验结果表明,传感器的工作区域为20~300Hz,在100Hz时,0~3.01g范围内测得加速度分辨率为5×10-4 g,加速度响应灵敏度为129.6nm/g。传感器受温度影响小,腔长的温度交叉响应仅为0.225nm/℃,传感器可耐950℃高温冲击。     

芯内双微孔复合腔结构的光纤法布里-珀罗传感器研究

提出了一种基于芯内双微孔复合结构的全光纤干涉传感器结构,建立了传感器反射光谱的理论模型,给出了反射光谱强度与微孔长度、孔内介质折射率、微孔端面反射与损耗系数以及光纤的特性参数间的关系,并模拟了传感器光谱对温度和折射率变化的响应特性.利用193 nm准分子激光器,在普通单模光纤上加工制作了具有复合腔结构的全光纤多参量传感器,进行了传感实验研究.结果表明,该传感器具有优于99%的温度、折射率线性响应度,对应两套温度和折射率灵敏度分别为-0.172 nm/℃,1050.700 nm/RIU和0.004 nm/℃,48.775 nm/RIU,不仅能够实现温度、折射率以及它们的区分测量,还能够应用于气体压力的测量,测量精度可达0.3 kPa.     

A review of photonic crystal fiber sensor applications for different physical quantities

Since the early conceptual and practical demonstrations in the late 1990s, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have attracted considerable interest by virtue of their promise to deliver a unique range of optical properties that are simply not possible in standard fiber types. Hollow-core photonic band gap fiber has the potential to overcome some of the fundamental limitations of solid fiber as they also provide a unique medium for a range of light. PCF also be used as a unique optical material to make sensors due to the air-holes that can be filled with different materials (liquid, gas or even solid) to alter the difference of refractive index (RI) in the two modes, has been used in various sensing search fields. The application of PCF on physical quantities is discussed, and the recent results on temperature, magnetic, strain and vibration are reviewed. These developments demonstrate that the enlarged complexity and decreased accuracy of sensors offered by PCF make it useful in a wide range of engineering monitoring applications.     

一种光纤EFPI高温传感器

提出了一种金属封装的光纤外腔式珐珀(EFPI)高温传感器。利用不同材料的不同热膨胀系数,使EFPI的腔长对温度变化敏感,可以应用在高温场合下。该传感器具有结构简单、灵敏度高、耐高温等特点,测试结果表明,灵敏度为0.3837μm/℃,线性度为0.9956,分辨率为0.26℃。它的正常工作温度范围为0-400℃。     

带温度补偿的分布式光纤温度传感系统设计

针对分布式光纤温度传感系统(Distributed Optical Fiber Temperature Sensing System,DTS)在线测温精度不高的问题,提出了使用光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating,FBG)解调仪对DTS进行温度补偿。对不带温度补偿的DTS进行了温度测量和数据分析,证明了进行温度补偿的必要性。设计了带温度补偿的DTS并进行了温度测试。实验结果表明,在使用FBG解调仪对DTS进行温度补偿后,DTS的温度精确度可以达到0.3℃。     

基于蓝宝石晶片的光纤法布里-珀罗高温传感器

提出并研制了一种基于蓝宝石晶片的光纤法布里-珀罗(法珀)高温传感器.该传感器采用斜端面蓝宝石光纤作传输波导,蓝宝石晶片作法珀干涉仪,"陶瓷插芯-陶瓷套管"结构做为传感器的固定结构.通过傅里叶变换-最小均方差联合算法解调传感器的反射光谱,实现了20℃~1 000℃范围内的温度测量,测试准确度为±2.5℃.该传感器具有体积小、成本低、制作简单以及重复性高的优点,可用于高温环境下稳定、精确的温度测量.     

Intensity curvature sensor based on photonic crystal fiber with three coupled cores

An intensity curvature sensor using a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) with three coupled cores is proposed. The three cores were aligned and there was an air hole between each two consecutive cores. The fiber had a low air filling fraction, which means that the cores remain coupled in the wavelength region studied. Due to this coupling, interference is obtained in the fiber output even if just a single core is illuminated. A configuration using reflection interrogation, which used a section fiber with 0.13 m as the sensing head, was characterized for curvature sensing. When the fiber is bended along the plane of the cores, one of the lateral cores will be stretched and the other compressed. This changes the coupling coefficient between the three cores, changing the output optical power intensity. The sensitivity of the sensing head was strongly dependent on the direction of bending, having its maximum when the bending direction was along the plane of the cores. A maximum curvature sensitivity of 2.0 dB/m⁻¹ was demonstrated between 0 m and 2.8 m.     

Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement based on a photonic crystal fiber modal-interference interacting with a long period fiber grating

An alternative all-fiber sensor for simultaneous strain and temperature measurement based on a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) spliced between single-mode fibers cascaded with a long period grating (LPG) is proposed. By collapsing the air holes at two splicing regions along the PCF, a simple but effective modal-interference (MI) is occurred between the core and cladding modes of the PCF. Due to the different responses on the changes of strain and temperature on the MI and the cascaded LPG, the strain and temperature can be measured simultaneously. Experimental results show that the sensing resolution of 9.1 με in strain measurement is experimentally achieved over a range of 2640 με, while the temperature sensing resolution is 0.27 °C within a range of 30-100 °C.     

Novel optical sensor for simultaneous measurement of liquid concentration and temperature

The paper describes a new optical sensor for simultaneous liquid concentration and temperature measurement. Temperature-dependent semiconductor absorption at the band edge is used as the principle of the temperature measurement, and the sensor exploits beam deviation caused by refraction due to the liquid concentration at the receiving end face of the optical device. The light intensity peak value and its deviation are detected by a charge-coupled device (CCD), and then the measured optical signal is reflected by a reflecting pyramid prism. The sensor probe is composed of an intrinsically pure GaAs single crystal, a reflecting pyramid prism, a partitioned water cell. Theoretical analysis and preliminary experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed system.     

光纤法布里-珀罗干涉温度压力传感技术研究进展

光纤法布里-珀罗干涉温度和压力传感器具有灵敏度高、制作简单、成本低、体积小和抗电磁干扰能力强等优点,已被广泛应用于军事和民用领域.在某些环境恶劣,如具有强电磁干扰和腐蚀性,或提供给传感器的安装空间非常有限的特殊工业领域,微型光纤温度和压力传感器发挥着重要的作用,国内外诸多高校、科研院所都在对其进行研究.本文综述了光纤法布里-珀罗干涉仪的基本原理、制备技术、及其压力和温度传感应用的研究进展.详细介绍了湿法化学腐蚀制备法、电弧放电制备法、飞秒激光制备法、聚合物辅助制备法等常见光纤法布里-珀罗腔传感器的制作工艺,分析了不同制作工艺的优缺点;详细介绍了光纤法布里-珀罗干涉仪在温度传感、压力传感和温压一体传感领域的应用;最后对光纤法布里-珀罗干涉温度压力传感器的发展进行了总结和展望.     

超低温度系数的光子晶体光纤Sagnac压力传感器

提出了一种基于光子晶体光纤Sagnac干涉仪的横向压力传感器。使用的光子晶体光纤为低双折射光纤,首先预先在Saganc环中的光子晶体光纤上施加初始压力,使Sagnac干涉仪产生正弦干涉光谱,然后再将被测物体放在光子晶体光纤上,由于被测物体重力的作用,Saganc干涉仪输出的光谱产生移动,实现横向压力传感测量。传感器具有高灵敏度0.529 nm/(N·mm)及超低的温度系数-0.4 pm/℃,其环境温度的影响可以忽略。     

Light intensity modulation fiber-optic sensor for curvature measurement

A light intensity modulation fiber-optic sensor, which can measure curvature directly, has been developed. It is suitable for the measurement of thin, embedded or highly flexible structures. An experimental analysis on the static and dynamic characteristics of sensor has been undertaken. The results show that the output voltage has polarity and a good linear relationship with curvature when the curvature radius is larger than 60 mm. The mathematical model relating the relative output loss, parameters of sensitive zone’s configuration (depth, number, height and half angle of tooth) and bending radius is described analytically based on the geometric optics. Curvature fiber-optic sensors can be used to build a quasi-distributed fiber-optic sensor system, which can measure curvature and torsion angle simultaneously.