Effect of damping on the propensity of squeal instability: an experimental investigation

Friction induced vibrations in automotive brakes is recognized as a major problem in industry. Squeal is a difficult subject because of its unpredictability caused by a not completely understood sensitivity to variation of the system parameters. In the literature several analytical and numerical studies deal with the relationship between damping and system propensity to have instability. These studies highlight the existence of a nonintuitive effect of damping distribution on modal coupling that gives rise to the unstable vibrations. The complexity of commercial brakes and the difficulties to identify the values of modal damping in brake assemblies lead to the necessity to rely on experimental analysis using simplified test rigs. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the relationship between the distribution of modal damping and the propensity to develop squeal in a beam-on-disk setup, which reliably reproduces squeal events with easy control and measurement of the damping of the disk and the beam, respectively. The experiments highlight the key role played by the modal damping distribution on squeal: A nonuniform repartition of the modal damping causes an increase of the squeal propensity.     

Modeling and experimental investigation of methylcyclohexane ignition in a rapid compression machine

A new chemical kinetic reaction mechanism has been developed for the oxidation of methylcyclohexane (MCH), combining a new low temperature mechanism with a recently developed high temperature mechanism. Predictions from this kinetic model are compared with new experimentally measured ignition delay times from a rapid compression machine. Computed results were found to be particularly sensitive to isomerization rates of methylcyclohexylperoxy radicals. Three different methods were used to estimate rate constants for these isomerization reactions. Rate constants based on comparable alkylperoxy radical isomerizations corrected for the differences in the structure of MCH and the respective alkane, predicted ignition delay times in very poor agreement with the experimental results. The most significant drawback was the complete absence of a region of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) in the model results using this method, although a prominent NTC region was observed experimentally. Alternative estimates of the isomerization reaction rate constants, based on the results from previous experimental studies of low temperature cyclohexane oxidation, provided much better agreement with the present experiments, including the pronounced NTC behavior. The most important feature of the resulting methylcyclohexylperoxy radical isomerization reaction analysis was found to be the relative rates of isomerizations that proceed through 5-, 6-, and 7-membered transition state ring structures and their different impacts on the chain branching behavior of the overall mechanism. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed, with particular attention paid to how intramolecular H atom transfer reactions are influenced by the differences between linear alkane and cycloalkane structures.     

Modeling and experimental investigation of short pulse Raman microchip laser

The results of experimental and theoretical investigations of passive Q-switch Raman microchip lasers based on Nd³⁺:LSB active medium and Ba(NO₃)₂ Raman crystal are presented. It has been demonstrated that intracavity Raman conversion in the microchip lasers is a simple and efficient method, capable of delivering high power pulses with sub-100 ps duration. Intracavity generation of the 1st Stokes pulses with duration from 180 down to 48 ps and a peak power of 48 kW has been performed and studied. High peak power and short duration of the 1st Stokes pulses in microchip laser with Ba(NO₃)₂ Raman crystal allows to easily perform extracavity harmonic generation and frequency sum mixing in LBO, BBO, and KTP crystals with discrete-tunable wavelength from ∼1200 down to ∼240 nm. We have developed a generalized model of Q-switched Raman microchip lasers, that takes into account spatial inhomogeneity of pump, laser, and Stokes beams, thermalization within the upper and lower multiplets of activator ions in laser medium, and saturable absorber bleaching and recovery. For the microchip lasers with different saturable absorbers, the model achieves very good agreement with the presented experimental results in a wide range of pump powers.     

Effects of hysteretic and aerodynamic damping on supersonic panel flutter of composite plates

The governing equation for the finite element analysis of the panel flutter of composite plates including structural damping is derived from Hamilton's principle. The first order shear deformable plate theory has been applied to structural modelling so as to obtain the finite element eigenvalue equation. The unsteady aerodynamic load in a supersonic flow is computed by using the linear piston theory. The critical dynamic pressures for composite plates have been calculated to investigate the effects of structural damping on flutter boundaries. The effects are dependent on fiber orientation because flutter mode can be weak or strong in the fiber orientation of composite plates. Structural damping plays an important role in flutter stability with low aerodynamic damping but would not affect the flutter boundary with high aerodynamic damping.     

An experimental investigation on spray, ignition and combustion characteristics of biodiesels

Spray, ignition and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuels were investigated under a simulated diesel-engine condition (885 K, 4 MPa) in a constant volume combustion vessel. Two biodiesel fuels originated from palm oil and used cooking oil were used while JIS#2 used as the base fuel. Spray images were taken by a high speed video camera by using Mie-scattering method to measure liquid phase penetration and liquid length. An image intensifier combined with OH filter was used to obtain OH radical image near 313 nm. Ignition and combustion characteristics were studied by OH radical images. Biodiesel fuels give appreciably longer liquid lengths and shorter ignition delays. At low injection pressure (100 MPa), biodiesel fuels give shorter lift-off lengths than those of diesel. While at high injection pressure (200 MPa), the lift-off length of biodiesel fuel originated palm oil gives the shortest value and that of biodiesel from used cooking oil gives the longest one. Air entrainment upstream of lift-off length of three fuels was estimated and compared to soot formation distance. This study reveals that the viscosity and ignition quality of biodiesel fuel have great influences on jet flame structure and soot formation tendency.     

Transverse shift by total reflection of a circularly polarised light beam: theory and experimental proof

The Goos and Hänchen experiments of 1947 have shown that in total reflection the photons tunnel through the second medium (which we take to be the vacuum), whence a longitudinal shift x; Imbert's experiments of 1970 have shown that if the incident beam is circularly polarized there is also a transverse shift z, the sign of which depends on the helicity sign. We briefly explain this new phenomenon, first in terms of a generalized geometrical optics where the velocity and momentum of a spinning photon are non-collinear, then in terms of wave optics, using an appropriate class of solutions of Maxwell's equations.Presented at the International Conference on Gravitation and Relativity, Copenhagen, July 1971.     

Dynamic instability of supercritical driveshafts mounted on dissipative supports—Effects of viscous and hysteretic internal damping

The case of a rotating shaft with internal damping mounted either on elastic dissipative bearings or on infinitely rigid bearings with viscoelastic suspensions is investigated in order to obtain the stability region. A Euler-Bernoulli shaft model is adopted, in which the transverse shear effects are neglected and the effects of translational and rotatory inertia, gyroscopic moments, and internal viscous or hysteretic damping are taken into account. The hysteretic damping is incorporated with an equivalent viscous damping coefficient. Free motion analysis yields critical speeds and threshold speeds for each damping model in analytical form. In the case of elastic dissipative bearings, the present results are compared with the results of previous studies on finite element models. In the case of infinitely rigid bearings with viscoelastic suspensions, it is established that viscoelastic supports increase the stability of long shafts, thus compensating for the loss of efficiency which occurs with classical bearings. The instability criteria also show that the effect of the coupling which occured between rigid modes introducing external damping and shaft modes are almost more important than damping factor. Lastly, comparisons between viscous and hysteretic damping conditions lead to the conclusion that an appropriate material damping model is essential to be able to assess these instabilities.     

Saccharin: a combined experimental and computational thermochemical investigation of a sweetener and sulfonamide

The standard molar enthalpies of combustion, sublimation, and formation in the crystalline and gaseous phase at a temperature of 298.15?K have been experimentally determined for saccharin and for benzenesulfonamide. These compounds were also studied theoretically using density functional theory, the B3LYP functional and extended basis sets.     

An experimental study of a new multi-bunch damping mechanism in PETRA

A new damping mechanism of multi-bunch oscillations in a storage ring with help of a narrow-band feedback system has been experimentally tested in PETRA. The oscillations of a multi-bunch filling were sucessfully damped. The bandwidth of the active loop was 1.5 kHz instead of 5 MHz needed for standard damper systems.     

Transverse characteristics of short-pulse laser-produced ion beams: a study of the acceleration dynamics

We report on first measurements of the transverse characteristics of laser-produced energetic ion beams in direct comparison to results for laser accelerated proton beams. The experiments show the same low emittance for ion beams as already found for protons. Additionally, we demonstrate that the divergence is influenced by the charge over mass ratio of the accelerated species. From these observations we deduced scaling laws for the divergence of ions as well as the temporal evolution of the ion source size.     

Improvement of damping characteristics of structural members with high damping elastic inserts

The major objective of this work is to investigate theoretically the possibility of improving the damping capacities of structural members with the help of inserts of special high damping materials. The inserts have been considered to be both welded and press-fit to the members. It has been observed that the effectiveness of the press-fit inserts is much more than that of the welded inserts. In case of the welded inserts there exists an optimum size whereas for shrink-fit inserts best results are expected when the inserts are solid. It has been found that with such a method the damping capacity of a member can be considerably increased with no significant loss in static rigidity.     

蛙人回波建模与实验研究

选用蛙人回波的简化模型,结合实验获得各主要因素对蛙人目标强度贡献的量值。分别选用简化的胸腔、躯干、大腿骨等人体器官和开式呼吸气泡群、干式潜水服、呼吸气瓶等的声散射模型。通过码头实验测量了蛙人的目标强度,频率为75kHz。在所有影响蛙人目标强度的因素中,开式呼吸气泡群对目标总强度贡献最大,其目标强度大于-16.9dB;其次是干式潜水服,约-17dB;再次是开式呼吸气瓶,约为-24dB;蛙人身体目标强度约-27.2dB;另外实验测量了肺部组织的目标强度,约-25.9dB,频率125kHz。理论模型和实验均表明,开式呼吸气泡群和潜水装备对蛙人回波的贡献远大于蛙人身体。     

Comparison of the results of theoretical analysis and experimental investigation of dynamic volt-ampere characteristics

Dynamic volt-ampere characteristics are calculated for the case of the diffusionless approximation. The theoretical dependences obtained are compared with experimental curves for the system Si-SiO₂-Al. A method is developed allowing the mobility of the migrating ions and the magnitude of the mobile charge in the sample to be determined from the current maximum on the experimental dynamic volt-ampere characteristic and its position.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchenbykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 47–54, November, 1984.     

An experimental investigation on the transient characteristics of a liquid-filled Erbium-doped Y-shaped microstructured optical fiber laser

In this letter, we present an experimental characterization of a fiber laser made of a liquid-filled Erbium-doped Y-shaped MOF. It is found that the transient behavior of the laser emission varies when the refractive index of the liquid filling the holes is modified through its thermo-optic properties. This experimental work contributes to the development of special fiber light sources based on the interaction of the laser emission with liquids or gases.