Stray light suppression in BRDF measurement infrared optical system

A set of system based on personal computer for the bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurement was developed, whose laser wavelengths cover 0.6328, 1.34, 3.39, and 10.6 μm from visible to infrared. Stray light in BRDF measurement system was analyzed. It can be reduced and suppressed by the design of the system light path in BRDF measurement system, the choice of the measuring scheme, the processing to the optoelectronic signal, and the radiation control of the optical components and mechanical equipments. So the minimum measurable value of BRDF is less than 10-5/sr.     

Establishment and experimental verification of infrared BRDF model in rough surface

Because of the thermal radiation from materials, the influence of spontaneous radiation on infrared-material—BRDF could not be neglected. In this paper, the spatial distribution characteristics of the material spontaneous radiation energy are analyzed. Then a full infrared BRDF semi-physical model in rough surface is developed by incorporating the characteristic parameters of the material spontaneous radiation into the five-parameter BRDF model. Finally, the model is verified using experimental data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model error is less than 1%. The semi-physical model is more suitable for describing real physical process, and can be applied to analyze stray radiation of infrared optical system and target infrared characteristics.     

星上定标漫射板远紫外BRDF测量方法

针对星载漫射板远紫外波段(140~240nm)的双向反射分布函数测量过程中,探测器响应线性问题和紫外光源稳定性差的问题,提出一种采用光源监测比例补偿的相对测量方法.根据测量方法设计了一种基于六自由度转台结构形式的测量系统,该系统采用漫射板两维平移+两维转动、探测器两维转动的组合运动形式,可实现漫射板半球空间内任意点、任意方位的双向反射分布函数测量.用所提方法进行测量实验,并对影响系统测量结果的主要因素进了不确定度分析,结果表明总测量不确定度约为5.5%.     

Virtual gonio-spectrophotometer for validation of BRDF designs

Measurement of the appearance of an object consists of a group of measurements to characterize the color and surface finish of the object. This group of measurements involves the spectral energy distribution of propagated light measured in terms of reflectance and transmittance, and the spatial energy distribution of that light measured in terms of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). In this article we present the virtual gonio-spectrophotometer, a device that measures flux (power) as a function of illumination and observation. Virtual gonio-spectrophotometer measurements allow the determination of the scattering profile of specimens that can be used to verify the physical characteristics of the computer model used to simulate the scattering profile. Among the characteristics that we verify is the energy conservation of the computer model. A virtual gonio-spectrophotometer is utilized to find the correspondence between industrial measurements obtained from gloss meters and the parameters of a computer reflectance model.     

涂层表面偏振双向反射分布函数的多参量混合模型

为了表征不同涂层表面的偏振光学散射特性,在基于微面元理论的偏振双向反射分布函数模型的基础上,针对不同涂层样品提出了一种适用范围更广的多参量偏振双向反射分布函数模型.采用遗传算法对实验数据进行模型参量拟和.实验结果表明,对几种不同的涂层样品,这种多参量模型的模拟计算结果与测量结果均能较好吻合,可以为后续的目标偏振特征提取与识别工作提供参考.     

植物BRDF研究及应用进展

植物叶片是植物光合作用的重要器官,直接体现了植物生长及营养状况。植物叶片反射、透射的内部理化信息模型间接反映了植物生长过程中物质、能量交换信息,是植物生长过程精细化管理的前提和基础。植物叶片空间光学特性对基于遥感的作物营养状况诊断、虚拟植物光线传输模拟、计算机图形学场景渲染等领域具有重大意义。双向反射分布函数(BRDF)主要研究物体表面反射光的空间分布特性和光谱特性,通过对作物叶片光学特性的获取和测定,准确、高效地表征作物生长参数,并进行定量分析,在植被遥感、农业等领域的研究与应用中有着极大的优势。为了更好地把BRDF技术应用于农业遥感、数字农业等领域中,将针对BRDF测量装置、模型发展和分类及其在植物遥感检测中的应用等环节展开叙述。最后结合综述内容,分析了BRDF技术在农业遥感领域的局限,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

A hybrid model of polarized BRDF for rough surfaces

A new hybrid model of polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function (p-BRDF) based on the micro-facet theory for painted rough surfaces combined by physics and statistical method is proposed. A 4 × 4 matrix (Mueller matrix) is used to describe the character of the polarized light scattered from the surface. The p-BRDF excellently represents the properties of the complex surfaces, playing a major role to evaluate and simulate signatures of the natural or artificial targets. In the model, genetic algorithm is employed to obtain key parameters derived from the experimental data. Comparisons between the model calculation and experimental data are also discussed in detail for several painted surfaces. This model agrees well with the experimental data, indicating great applicable to target polarization feature extraction.     

Design of multi-spectrum BRDF measurement system

A multi-spectrum bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurement system was developed with the adoption of single reference standard measurement method. An arm-adjustable corner device was designed for the BRDF system. Changing the distance to the sample by moving the detector arm made the device applicable to different wavelengths. The system could be used for the spectrum range from visible light (0.6328 μm) to mid-far infrared (10.6 μm), the facular size between 0.8-3 cm.The rotating limit of detector arm was ±180°, the rotation range of sample holding table was 360°, and the angle resolution was 0.036°. A silicon carbide sample was measured using this system with reflectance zenith from -55° to +55°. According to the error analysis, the measurement uncertainty of this device was about 6.42%.     

真空紫外反射率计用于BRDF的测量

：介绍了一种真空紫外反射率计,采用间接测量方法,在该反射率计测试了聚四氟乙烯漫反射板的双向反射率分布函数（ＢＲＤＦ）,正入射时该聚四氟乙烯漫反射板１５°到７５°的双向反射率分布函数偏差为１３％。     

Precise frequency measurements of lines in the near infrared by Rb reference lines

Frequency measurements of 16 lines of I₂ in the near infrared have been performed using different Rb frequency references: diode lasers stabilised to the Rb D1 line at 377 THz, to the Rb D2 line at 384 THz and to the 5 s -5 d two photon transition at 385 THz. The relative uncertainties of the measurements of are limited by the frequency stability of the laser source locked to I₂ in the case of the Rb D2 and two photon transition or by the accuracy of the Rb D1 line. The internal consistency of calibrations of iodine lines is shown to be better than by measurements of the difference frequencies of calibrated iodine lines using four-wave mixing in laser diodes. Received 12 July 1999 and Received in final form 12 December 1999     

单叶片偏振BRDF建模及参数反演

利用长春光机所研制的多角度观测装置测量了玉米嫩叶、玉米成熟叶和一品红叶表面的二向偏振反射率分布,发现叶片表面反射具有明显的非朗伯性。通过借鉴Cook-Torrance光照模型的形式,将不同偏振态的菲涅尔因子耦合到模型中,推导得到用于叶片表面偏振的二向性反射分布函数模型(pBRDF-polari-metric bidirectional reflectance distribution function)。将建立的pBRDF模型与实测数据拟合,利用遗传算法进行参数反演,获得叶片漫反射率、等效折射率和表面粗糙度。通过实测值和模拟值的比较,发现该pBRDF模型可以用于叶片表面方向偏振反射特性的模拟。同时,该模型还有助于对植物叶片生理生态特性的定量分析。     

Use of a wide angle CCD line camera for BRDF measurements

In order to determine the Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of natural surfaces a CCD line camera is used. This allows measurements under natural conditions with a high azimuth and zenith angular resolution in a short time. The CCD line spans a field of view of 80° as the zenith angle range. For covering the azimuth range, the camera is mounted on a rotating device and an extendible boom provides an aerial platform. This set up allows the measurement of the [almost] complete reflectance distribution of the surface below the camera for the 30-s rotation period of the camera. The camera used for this set up is the wide angle airborne camera (WAAC), which was developed at the DLR for airborne stereo imaging purposes. This paper presents the radiometric calibration of the system and shows the initial results of our approach in measuring the BRDF with high angular resolution for a short period.     

双向反射分布函数在空间目标可见光反射特性建模中的应用

针对空间目标可见光反射特性提出了一种建模方法.双向反射分布函数(BRDF)可以有效地 描述目标表面材料的空间反射特性和光谱特性.根据目标表面状况及背景辐射环境,选取合 适的双向反射分布函数模型,利用辐射理论在可见光波段建立了空间目标反射特性的数学模 型.基于轨道参数进行了仿真计算.计算结果表明太阳帆板与卫星主体相比,其在探测器入 瞳处的辐照度只小一个数量级,在目标光学特性分析时不可忽略.而且,空间目标反射特性 不仅与太阳、地球和目标三者之间的实时位置有关,还与其几何形状、表面材料等有关.仿真分析结果验证了建模的正确性.     

花岗岩表面双向反射分布函数实验研究

本文介绍了双向反射分布函数(BRDF)的概念及测量方法。首先对典型建筑材料中的某种花岗岩表面进行了表面粗糙度的测量,并在现有条件内通过转动样片和探测器,实现了空间BRDF的测量,测量波段分别为0.6328 μm和1.34 μm,分析了表面粗糙度对BRDF的影响。     

基于偏振光谱BRDF图像的物质分类

提出一种基于偏振光谱二向反射分布函数图像的物质自动分类方法,该方法主要选择偏振光谱二向反射分布函数信息作为新的特征用于物质自动分类.采用支撑向量机的分类方法对不同的天气条件(晴天、多云、阴天)下处于杂乱的自然草地背景环境中的典型目标进行分类,最后比较三种不同特征选择对于分类准确度的影响.采取三种不同的特征选取方法,分别为采用单一的光谱特征、偏振光谱特征及偏振光谱二向反射分布函数特征.最后通过实验得出:将偏振光谱二向反射分布函数作为分类特征在三种不同的天气情况下,分类准确度都较高,特别是在阴天天气条件下,分类准确度明显高于其它两种特征选择.即使是在阴天低照度下的场景中,当不同目标和背景之间的灰度很接近时,采用本文方法也能准确的进行自动分类.     

An improved high-resolution solar reference spectrum for earth's atmosphere measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared

We have developed an improved solar reference spectrum for use in the analysis of atmospheric spectra from vacuum wavelengths of 200.07 through 1000.99 nm. The spectrum is developed by combining high spectral resolution ground-based and balloon-based solar measurements with lower spectral resolution but higher accuracy irradiance information. The new reference spectrum replaces our previous reference spectrum, and its derivatives, for use in a number of physical applications for analysis of atmospheric spectra, including: wavelength calibration; determination of instrument transfer (slit) functions; Ring effect (Raman scattering) correction; and correction for spectral undersampling of atmospheric spectra, particularly those that are dilute in absorbers. The applicability includes measurements from the GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and OMPS satellite instruments as well as aircraft-, balloon-, and ground-based measurements.     

基于偏振光谱BRDF图像的物质分类

提出一种基于偏振光谱二向反射分布函数图像的物质自动分类方法,该方法主要选择偏振光谱二向反射分布函数信息作为新的特征用于物质自动分类.采用支撑向量机的分类方法对不同的天气条件（晴天、多云、阴天）下处于杂乱的自然草地背景环境中的典型目标进行分类,最后比较三种不同特征选择对于分类准确度的影响.采取三种不同的特征选取方法,分别为采用单一的光谱特征、偏振光谱特征及偏振光谱二向反射分布函数特征.最后通过实验得出：将偏振光谱二向反射分布函数作为分类特征在三种不同的天气情况下,分类准确度都较高,特别是在阴天天气条件下,分类准确度明显高于其它两种特征选择.即使是在阴天低照度下的场景中,当不同目标和背景之间的灰度很接近时,采用本文方法也能准确的进行自动分类.
关键词:     

BRDF color mapping using line scan camera

Optical Review - An optical imaging system for color mapping of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) using a line scan camera is proposed here that can detect slight BRDF...