Evolutionary genetic optimization of the injector beam dynamics for the ERL test facility at IHEP

The energy recovery linac test facility （ERL-TF）, a compact ERL-FEL （free electron laser） two-purpose machine, has been proposed at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing. As one important component of the ERL-TF, the photo-injector was designed and preliminarily optimized. In this paper an evolutionary genetic method, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, is applied to optimize the injector beam dynamics, especially in the high-charge operation mode. Study shows that using an incident laser with rms transverse size of 1-1.2 ram, the normalized emittance of the electron beam can be kept below 1 mm.mrad at the end of the injector. This work, together with the previous optimization of the low-charge operation mode by using the iterative scan method, provides guidance and confidence for future construction and commissioning of the ERL-TF injector.     

Beam dynamics studies of the photo-injector in low-charge operation mode for the ERL test facility at IHEP

The energy recovery linac test facility(ERL-TF), which is a compact ERL-FEL(free electron laser)two-purpose machine, was proposed at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing. As one important component of the ERL-TF, the photo-injector that started with a photocathode direct-current gun has been designed. In this paper, optimization of the injector beam dynamics in low-charge operation mode is performed with iterative scans using Impact-T. In addition, the dependencies between the optimized beam quality and the initial offset at cathode and element parameters are investigated. The tolerance of alignment and rotation errors is also analyzed.     

Beam dynamics studies of the photo-injector in low-charge operation mode for the ERL test facility at IHEP

The energy recovery linac test facility （ERL-TF）, which is a compact ERL-FEL （free electron laser） two-purpose machine, was proposed at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing. As one important component of the ERL-TF, the photo-injector that started with a photocathode direct-current gun has been designed. In this paper, optimization of the injector beam dynamics in low-charge operation mode is performed with iterative scans using Impact-T. In addition, the dependencies between the optimized beam quality and the initial offset at cathode and element parameters are, investigated. The tolerance of alignment and rotation errors is also analyzed.     

Design studies on the ERL-FEL test facility at IHEP, Beijing

A proposed compact ERL test facility at IHEP, Beijing, is presented in this paper, and includes the design parameters, the essential lattice, and the key components features, such as the photocathode DC gun and the CW superconducting accelerating structures. Some important beam physics issues such as the space charge effect, the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) effect and the beam break-up (BBU) effect are briefly described with the simulation results.     

Particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of the low energy beam transport for the SSC-linac injector

A new SSC-linac system (injector into separated sector cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of SSC-Linac, the LEBT (low energy beam transport) consists of seven solenoids, four quadrupoles, a bending magnet and an extra multi-harmonic buncher. The total length of this segment is about 7 meters. The beam dynamics in this LEBT has been studied using three-dimensional PIC (particle-in-cell) code BEAMPATH. The simulation results show that the continuous beam from the ion source is first well analyzed by a charge-to-mass selection system, and the beam of the selected charge-to-mass ratio is then efficiently pre-bunched by a multi-harmonic buncher and optimally matched into the RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole) for further acceleration. The principles and effects of the solenoid collimation channel are discussed, and it could limit the beam emittance by changing the aperture size.     

Extremely low vertical-emittance beam in the accelerator test facility at KEK

Electron beams with the lowest, normalized transverse emittance recorded so far were produced and confirmed in single-bunch-mode operation of the Accelerator Test Facility at KEK. We established a tuning method of the damping ring which achieves a small vertical dispersion and small x-y orbit coupling. The vertical emittance was less than 1% of the horizontal emittance. At the zero-intensity limit, the vertical normalized emittance was less than 2.8 x 10(-8) rad m at beam energy 1.3 GeV. At high intensity, strong effects of intrabeam scattering were observed, which had been expected in view of the extremely high particle density due to the small transverse emittance.     

Particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of the low energy beam transport for the SSC-linac injector

A new SSC-linac system (injector into separated sector cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of SSC-Linac, the LEBT (low energy beam transport) consists of seven solenoids, four quadrupoles, a bending magnet and an extra multi-harmonic buncher. The total length of this segment is about 7 meters. The beam dynamics in this LEBT has been studied using three-dimensional PIC (particle-in-cell) code BEAMPATH. The simulation results show that the continuous beam from the ion source is first well analyzed by a charge-to-mass selection system, and the beam of the selected charge-to-mass ratio is then efficiently pre-bunched by a multi-harmonic buncher and optimally matched into the RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole) for further acceleration. The principles and effects of the solenoid collimation channel are discussed, and it could limit the beam emittance by changing the aperture size.     

Development and application of the intense slow positron beam at IHEP

This paper describes the development and application of an intense slow positron beam at IHEP with regard to its two main components.The Variable-Energy Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy (VEPLS) based on the pulsing system consisting of a chopper,a prebuncher and a buncher has been constructed in order to meet the needs of materials science development.At present,the time resolution of the VEPLS can easily reach about 386 ps with a peak-to-background ratio of about 600:1.A plugged-in 22Na positron source section for adjusting the newly built experimental station and for increasing the beam operation efficiency has been constructed.A slow positron beam with an intensity of 2.5x105 e+/s and the beam profile whose diameter is 10 mm has been obtained;the moderation efficiency of the tungsten mesh moderator reaches 5.1x 10-4 as calculated with an original positron source activity of 52 mCi.     

Development and application of the intense slow positron beam at IHEP

This paper describes the development and application of an intense slow positron beam at IHEP with regard to its two main components. The Variable-Energy Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy (VEPLS) based on the pulsing system consisting of a chopper, a prebuncher and a buncher has been constructed in order to meet the needs of materials science development. At present, the time resolution of the VEPLS can easily reach about 386ps with a peak-to-background ratio of about 600:1. A plugged-in ²²Na positron source section for adjusting the newly built experimental station and for increasing the beam operation efficiency has been constructed. A slow positron beam with an intensity of 2.5×10⁵e⁺/s and the beam profile whose diameter is 10mm has been obtained; the moderation efficiency of the tungsten mesh moderator reaches 5.1×10^－4 as calculated with an original positron source activity of 52mCi.     

Propagation of a beam halo in accelerator test facility 2 at KEK

The beam halo is a major issue for interaction region (IR) backgrounds at many colliders, for example, future linear colliders, B factories, and also it is an important problem at ATF2. In this paper, we report on the halo propagation along the ATF2 beam line with realistic apertures, the nonlinear optics influence on the increasing number of halo particles input is analyzed, and the transmitted halo particles distribution just before the last BPM is then described, the results from which will benefit the Compton recoil electrons measurement.     

Commissioning of the pion beam facility at SIS-GSF

A secondary pion beam facility has recently been installed and commissioned at the SIS-GSI (Darmstadt) 18Tm synchrotron. Pions are produced in the collision of light heavy-ion beams from the SIS onto a thick production target and transported to HADES experimental area. A system of three time-of-flight hodoscopes has been constructed and installed in the beam line to separate pions from other secondary particles. The main results of the commissioning experiment are presented.     

Multi-pass,multi-bunch beam breakup for 9-cell Tesla cavities in the ERL

Generally, the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) needs specially designed high current superconducting RF cavities. In this paper, the threshold current of beam breakup for compact ERL facilities with 9-cell Tesla type cavities are investigated. The results show that it is feasible to adopt the 9-cell Tesla cavity for compact ERL test facilities with just a few cavities and beam current around 10 mA.     

Multi-pass,multi-bunch beam breakup for 9-cellTesla cavities in the ERL

Generally, the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) needs specially designed high current superconducting RF cavities. In this paper, the threshold current of beam breakup for compact ERL facilities with 9-cell Tesla type cavities are investigated. The results show that it is feasible to adopt the 9-cell Tesla cavity for compact ERL test facilities with just a few cavities and beam current around 10 mA.     

On the beam dynamics optimization problem for an alternating-phase focusing linac

A new algorithm for generation a synchronous phase sequence in alternating-phase focusing (APF) linacs is proposed. The optimization of the intense deuteron beam is considered. The results of the numerical optimization are presented.     

Achievement of ultralow emittance beam in the accelerator test facility damping ring

For high luminosity in electron-positron linear colliders, it is essential to generate low vertical emittance beams. We report on the smallest vertical emittance achieved in single-bunch-mode operation of the Accelerator Test Facility, which satisfies the requirement of the x-band linear collider. The emittances were measured with a laser-wire beam-profile monitor installed in the damping ring. The bunch length and the momentum spread of the beam were also recorded under the same conditions. The smallest vertical rms emittance measured at low intensity is 4 pm at a beam energy of 1.3 GeV, which corresponds to the normalized emittance of 1.0x1.0(-8) m. It increases by a factor of 1.5 for a bunch intensity of 10(10) electrons. The measured data agreed to the calculation of intrabeam scattering within much better than a factor of 2.     

Beam dynamics simulation of HEBT for the SSC-linac injector

The SSC-linac (a new injector for the Separated Sector Cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou) system to accelerate ²³⁸U³⁴⁺ from 3.72 keV/u to 1.008 MeV/u. As a part of the SSC-linac injector, the HEBT (high energy beam transport) has been designed by using the TRACE-3D code and simulated by the 3D PIC (particle-in-cell) Track code. The total length of the HEBT is about 12 meters and a beam line of about 6 meters are shared with the exiting beam line of the HIRFL system. The simulation results show that the particles can be delivered efficiently in the HEBT and the particles at the exit of the HEBT well match the acceptance of the SSC for further acceleration. The dispersion is eliminated absolutely in the HEBT. The space-charge effect calculated by the Track code is inconspicuous. According to the simulation, more than 60 percent of the particles from the ion source can be transported into the acceptance of the SSC.     

Transverse profile expansion and homogenization at target for the injector Scheme-I test stand of China-ADS

For the injector Scheme- test stand of the China-ADS(Accelerator Driven subcritical System), a beam with the maximum power of 100 k W will be produced and transported to the beam dump. To solve the very high thermal load problem at the dump, two measures are taken to deal with the huge power density at the target.One is to enlarge the contact area between the beam and the target, and this is to be accomplished by expanding the beam profile at the target and using slanted target plates. The other is to produce a more homogenous beam profile at the target to minimize the maximum power density. Here the beam dump line is designed to meet the requirement of beam expansion and homogenization at 3 different energies(3.2 Me V, 5 Me V and 10 Me V), and the step-like field magnets are employed for the beam spot homogenization. Taking into account the fact that the space charge effects are very strong at such low beam energies, the simulations have included space charge effects and errors which show that the beam line can meet the requirements very well. In the meantime, the alternative beam design using standard multipole magnets is also presented.     

基于BEPCⅡ的腔式束流位置探测系统设计优化与线下测试

研究了基于BEPCⅡ直线加速器的腔式束流位置探测系统（CBPM）的设计。本方案给出的CBPM探头工作频率为S波段,束流管道半径23 mm,参考腔TM₀₁₀工作频率和位置腔TM₁₁₀的工作频率一致。由线下测试结果可知,CBPM实物特征参数与仿真结果一致,CBPM水平和垂直方向工作频率分别为2502 MHz和2503 MHz;垂直和水平的四个端口交叉隔离度均优于−44.7 dB;测量线性区域好于10 mm。射频前端电子学负责对CBPM探头的模拟信号进行滤波、放大和下变频等调制。将CBPM探头置于标定平台,对经过CBPM信号进行时域和频域分析,通过计算得到CBPM水平、垂直方向线下分辨率分别为2.87 μm、2.16 μm。     

Surface and bulk investigations at the high intensity positron beam facility NEPOMUC

The NEutron-induced POsitron source MUniCh (NEPOMUC) at the research reactor FRM II delivers a low-energy positron beam (E = 15-1000 eV) of high intensity in the range between 4 × 10⁷ and 5 × 10⁸ moderated positrons per second. At present four experimental facilities are in operation at NEPOMUC: a coincident Doppler-broadening spectrometer (CDBS) for defect spectroscopy and investigations of the chemical vicinity of defects, a positron annihilation-induced Auger-electron spectrometer (PAES) for surface studies and an apparatus for the production of the negatively charged positronium ion Ps⁻. Recently, the pulsed low-energy positron system (PLEPS) has been connected to the NEPOMUC beam line, and first positron lifetime spectra were recorded within short measurement times. A positron remoderation unit which is operated with a tungsten single crystal in back reflection geometry has been implemented in order to improve the beam brilliance. An overview of NEPOMUC's status, experimental results and recent developments at the running spectrometers are presented.