有机无机杂化固态太阳能电池的研究进展

近年来, 由于钙钛矿材料优良的光学吸收和电荷传导特性, 有机无机杂化固态太阳能电池取得了突破性的进展. 自2009年首次报道了光电转换效率为3.8%的钙钛矿太阳能电池以来, 该类电池的效率不断突破. 基于介孔薄膜的电池已取得了超过16.7%的认证光电转换效率, 基于平板异质结结构电池光电转换效率达到19.3%, 已接近传统硅基太阳能电池的光电转换效率. 本文将介绍有机无机杂化钙钛矿作为光电材料的光学物理结构特性, 以及在固态太阳能电池中的应用. 基于固态钙钛矿太阳能电池结构上的差异, 分别介绍其在多孔结构、平板异质结结构、柔性结构以及无空穴传导材料结构电池工作特性和各自优势, 以及影响电池特性的主要影响因素, 特别是钙钛矿成膜控制等. 并阐述对钙钛矿电池的理解和进一步提高固态钙钛矿电池光电转换效率需要关注的重点以及展望.     

新型空穴传输材料在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池是一种全新的全固态薄膜电池. 报道的能量转换效率已提高到19.3%, 成为可再生能源领域的热点研究方向. 空穴传输材料是构成高效钙钛矿太阳能电池的重要组分之一. 本文介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的基本结构, 对空穴传输材料的分子结构、能级水平和迁移率等对电池性能的影响进行了详细的总结和评述.     

Advances in stable and flexible perovskite solar cells

Roll-to-roll (R2R) production is an innovative approach and is fast becoming a very popular industrial method for high throughput and mass production of solar cells. Replacement of costly indium tin oxide (ITO), which conventionally has served as the transparent electrode would be a great approach for roll to roll production of flexible cost effective solar cells. Indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) are brittle and ultimately limit the device flexibility. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been the centre of photovoltaic research community during the recent years owing to its exceptional performance and economical prices. The best reported PSCs fabricated by employing mesoporous TiO₂ layers require elevated temperatures in the range of 400–500 °C which limits its applications to solely glass substrates. In such a scenario developing flexible PSCs technology can be considered a suitable and exciting arena from the application point of view, them being flexible, lightweight, portable, and easy to integrate over both small, large and curved surfaces.     

准二维钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

目前,钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率已超过25％,飞速提升的效率使得人们越来越期待商业化的应用,但钙钛矿材料的稳定性问题却是其商业化所面临的最大挑战,准二维钙钛矿有望解决这一问题.利用大的有机间隔阳离子的疏水性和热稳定性,以及更高的晶体形成能和更加稳固的结构,准二维钙钛矿能够有效提高钙钛矿的稳定性.此外,准二维钙钛矿对...     

高效无空穴传输层碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备与性能研究

碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池因稳定性高、成本低廉而备受关注,但由于钙钛矿与碳电极之间能级匹配度不高,界面阻力大而导致效率不及金属基钙钛矿太阳能电池.本文制备了碳基无空穴传输层FTO/c-TiO₂/m-TiO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/Carbon电池结构.通过对介孔二氧化钛层、钙钛矿层厚度进行优化,并对钙钛矿的薄膜形貌及钙钛矿激发电子寿命、可见光吸收度、载流子的提取与分离等进行深度分析,讨论了电池效率提升的内在机理.当介孔氧化钛层和钙钛矿层达到最优厚度时,钙钛矿太阳能电池获得了开路电压（V_oc）为0.93 V、电流密度（J_sc）为21.75 mA/cm²、填充因子为55%、光电转化效率达到11.11%.同时对电池进行了稳定性研究,在室温湿度为40%–50%的条件下放置15 d电池性能依旧稳定保持原来的95%,优于金属基钙钛矿太阳能电池,从而为碳电极钙钛矿太阳能电池的商业化发展提供了可能.     

无铅和少铅的有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳电池研究进展

基于有机-无机杂化卤化铅材料的钙钛矿太阳电池的转换效率在短短几年内已迅速突破22%,为未来能源问题的解决带来了曙光,同时也引起了高度重视.但紧随其后的商品化、产业化发展需求极大地增加了对绿色、无毒的高效无铅钙钛矿太阳电池进行研究和开发的重要性和紧迫性.为进一步加快环境友好型钙钛矿太阳电池的研发进度,对目前无铅和少铅钙钛矿太阳电池的发展现状进行了综述.着重讨论了替代元素种类及其浓度、制备工艺等对薄膜和电池性能的影响,以期对电池的工作机理、替代元素的作用机理有更加深刻的认识,为新型环保、高效的钙钛矿太阳电池的制备提供指导.     

醋酸纤维素提高CsPbIBr2无机钙钛矿薄膜质量及其太阳能电池光电性能

由于具有适合的带隙和较高的稳定性,CsPbIBr₂无机钙钛矿被认为是一种较有前景的太阳能电池光吸收材料.但是目前报道的CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿太阳能电池效率还偏低,主要原因是制备的CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿膜质量差、缺陷多.本文通过将醋酸纤维素(CA)加入CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿前驱体溶液中改善CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿结晶过程,从而制备高质量的CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿膜.实验结果表明,CA中的C=O基团与前驱体溶液中的Pb²⁺间存在明显的相互作用,这种相互作用结合CA加入引起的前驱体溶液粘度增加,使CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿的结晶速率明显降低,从而制备了致密、结晶度高、晶粒尺寸大、晶界和缺陷少的高质量CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿膜.同时,CA的保护作用显著提高了CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿膜的稳定性.用碳材料层作为空穴传输层和背电极,制备结构为FTO/TiO₂/CsPbIBr...     

界面修饰对有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响

作为近些年来最耀眼的明星材料之一,钙钛矿以其优异独特的光电特性成功吸引研究人员的广泛关注.自2009年报道了第一篇光电转换效率为3.8％的钙钛矿电池,到现在短短10年期间效率已经突破25.2％,几乎可以与商用多晶硅电池媲美.尽管其制备过程简单,但在薄膜的形成过程中很容易引入大量的缺陷.缺陷的存在会加速载流子的复合,阻碍...     

高效平面异质结有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳电池的质量管理

基于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿材料的太阳电池具有能量转换效率高和制备工艺简单等优点,引起了学术界的高度关注.其中平面异质结结构太阳电池具有结构简单,可与其他类型电池相兼容以构筑叠层电池设计,以及可低温制备等诸多优点,成为当前的一个重要研究方向.然而,电池性能的优劣与钙钛矿薄膜质量的高低有着直接的联系.本文对钙钛矿材料的特性、一步溶液法制备薄膜的成核-生长机理、电池结构的演变等进行了概述,其中重点介绍了高质量钙钛矿薄膜溶液法制备过程的一些最新的质量控制方法;最后对钙钛矿太阳电池的发展及存在问题进行了总结和展望,为今后的研究提供参考.     

Recent advances of interface engineering in inverted perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have witnessed great achievement in the past decade. Most of previous researches focus on the n—i—p structure of PSCs with ultra-high efficiency. While the n—i—p devices usually used the unstable charge transport layers, such as the hygroscopic doped spiro-OMeTAD, which affect the long-term stability. The inverted device with the p—i—n structure owns better stability when using stable undoped organic molecular or metal oxide materials. There are significant progresses in inverted PSCs, most of them related to charge transport or interface engineering. In this review, we will mainly summarize the inverted PSCs progresses related to the interface engineering. After that, we prospect the future direction on inverted PSCs.     

有机太阳能电池的研究进展

能量转化效率低是有机太阳能电池实现商业化生产的一个瓶颈,因此,制备高性能太阳能电池的关键之一是提高能量转化效率(ηp),文章介绍了有机太阳能电池的工作原理,论述了目前有机太阳能电池的研究现状,重点从提高有机太阳能电池的开路电压(Voc)、短路电流(Isc)、光电转换效率(ηEOE)和填充因子(FF)等几方面分析总结了提高有机太阳能电池能量转化效率的几种有效途径,并简要阐述了有机太阳能电池稳定性的研究进展.     

新型碳材料在钙钛矿太阳电池中的应用研究进展

新型碳材料如石墨烯及其氧化物、碳纳米管、富勒烯及石墨炔等因其优异的热学、力学、电学、光学性能成为了钙钛矿太阳电池研究的又一亮点. 本文总结了新型碳材料在钙钛矿太阳电池对电极、电子传输材料及空穴传输材料中的研究进展, 新型碳材料的引入有效地提高了钙钛矿电池的性能, 为下一步新型碳材料的应用开发以及钙钛矿电池器件的研究提供了新的思路.     

Modulation of light absorption by optical spacer in perovskite solar cells

Lead halide perovskite solar cells with planar heterojunction configuration have recently attracted tremendous attention because of their excellent power conversion efficiencies. The modulation of optical absorption by using an optical spacer layer is a unique method to enhance the device efficiency. Here, we demonstrate the application of thin ZnO layer that act as an optical spacer that enhance the power conversion efficiency perovskite devices from 8.92% to 10.7%, which is mainly due to increment in short‐circuit current density by 16% compared to the reference solar cell. The simulation data revealed that ZnO acts as an optical spacer layer that shifts length (average) of electric field |E|² distribution from 500 nm to 750 nm wavelength is 25 nm in the perovskite layer. Which represents that exciton generation region is moved to near the hole transport layer that enhances the exciton dissociation efficiency and device efficiency.     

蒸汽辅助溶液过程制备钙钛矿材料及钙钛矿太阳能电池

有机无机杂化钙钛矿材料被广泛应用于光电器件领域,特别是其作为太阳能电池的吸光材料,受到学术界和工业界越来越多的关注。钙钛矿太阳能电池的产业化进程正在进行中,而在进一步降低制备成本、提高电池转换效率的同时,研究出一种操作简单且可重复性高的制备钙钛矿薄膜的技术具有十分重要的意义。与其他传统的溶液处理方法不同,蒸汽辅助溶液过程(VASP)处理法避免了薄膜在生长过程中溶解以及溶剂化作用,抑制了晶核的形成,使薄膜快速重组,获得致密的高质量钙钛矿薄膜。目前报道,基于此薄膜制备的平面结构钙钛矿太阳能电池转换效率高达16.8%。本文综述了低温(150℃)VASP法制备的钙钛矿薄膜及光伏器件的相关研究进展,并对该技术的产业化前景做了展望。VASP制备过程简单、薄膜性能优异且可重复性高,为进一步制备大面积、高质量薄膜提供了可能。     

Improving the performance of perovskite solar cells with glycerol-doped PEDOT:PSS buffer layer

In this paper, we investigate the effects of glycerol doping on transmittance, conductivity and surface morphology of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate))(PEDOT:PSS) and its influence on the performance of perovskite solar cells.. The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS is improved obviously by doping glycerol. The maximum of the conductivity is 0.89 S/cm when the doping concentration reaches 6 wt%, which increases about 127 times compared with undoped. The perovskite solar cells are fabricated with a configuration of indium tin oxide(ITO)/PEDOT:PSS/CH_3NH_3PbI_3/PC_(61)BM/Al, where PEDOT:PSS and PC_(61)BM are used as hole and electron transport layers, respectively. The results show an improvement of hole charge transport as well as an increase of short-circuit current density and a reduction of series resistance, owing to the higher conductivity of the doped PEDOT:PSS. Consequently, it improves the whole performance of perovskite solar cell. The power conversion efficiency(PCE) of the device is improved from 8.57% to 11.03% under AM 1.5 G(100 mW/cm~2 illumination) after the buffer layer has been modified.     

Luminescence of rare-earth ions in perovskite-type oxides: from basic research to applications

Luminescence of a rare-earth ion in SrTiO₃ or other perovskite-type oxides was used as a probe of physical properties of a host crystal, but not as a phosphor because observed luminescence efficiency was low. Recent investigations have shown that the luminescence efficiency of SrTiO₃:Pr³⁺ is intensified up to 200 times by addition of Al ions. This paper reviews experimental results on this phenomenon and discusses mechanism of the Al-addition effect. A survey was made to find other materials, the efficiency of which can be improved by the impurity addition. Host-to-activator energy transfer by a coupling of the band-edge recombination energy and an allowed transition of a rare-earth ion is essential to provide a high efficiency. A red phosphor, Al-added SrTiO₃:Pr³⁺, is promising for display applications.     

Non-peripherally octaalkyl-substituted nickel phthalocyanines used as non-dopant hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells

This report presents two non-perihperally octaalkyl-substituted nickel phthalocyanines (NiPcs), namely, NiEt₂Pc and NiPr₂Pc, for use as dopant-free hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The length extension of the alkyl chains from ethyl to propyl significantly tunes the NiPcs' energy levels, thus reducing charge carrier recombination at the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interface and leading to higher open-circuit voltage (V_OC) and short-circuit current density (J_SC) observed for the NiPr₂Pc-based PSC. And higher charge carrier mobility, higher thin film crystallinity, and lower surface roughness of the NiPr₂Pc HTL compared with that of the NiEt₂Pc one also lead to higher J_SC and fill factor (FF) observed for the NiPr₂Pc-based device. Consequently, the NiPr₂Pc-based PSC exhibits a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.07% than that of the NiEt₂Pc-based device (8.63%).     

A silazane additive for CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells

Adding additives into peroskite precursor solution has been proven as a simple and efficient strategy to improve the quality of peroskite films. In this work, we demonstrate an effective additive strategy to improve the quality of all-inorganic perovskite films by adding a novel silazane additive heptamethyldisilazane (HDMS). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the optimized devices is enhanced from 14.55% to 15.31% with an open-circuit voltage over 1.26 V due to the higher quality perovskite films with lower trap density after the incorporation of HDMS. More interestingly, the HDMS devices exhibit superior humidity and thermal stability compared with the control ones. This work provides a simple and efficient strategy to enhance the device performance and stability of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells, which could facilitate its commercialization.     

钙钛矿薄膜气相制备的晶粒尺寸优化及高效光伏转换

钙钛矿薄膜的气相制备是一种极具潜力的工业化生产工艺,但薄膜的质量控制目前远落后于溶液制备法.本文通过建立PbI_2薄膜向钙钛矿薄膜完全转化过程中反应时间、晶粒尺寸与温度的关系,实现了薄膜的质量优化及大面积钙钛矿薄膜的制备,将薄膜的平均晶粒粒径从0.42μm优化到0.81μm.基于空间电荷限制电流模型对缺陷密度的研究显示,钙钛矿薄膜的缺陷密度由5.90×10~(16)cm~(–3)降低到2.66×10~(16)cm~(–3).光伏器件(FTO/TiO_2/C_(60)/MAPbI_3/spiro-OMeTAD/Au结构)测试显示,面积为0.045cm~2器件的平均光电转换效率从14.00%提升到17.42%,最佳光电转换效率达到17.80%,迟滞因子减小至4.04%.同时,基于180℃制备的1cm~2器件的光电转换效率达到13.17%.     

Device simulation of lead-free CH_3NH_3SnI_3 perovskite solar cells with high efficiency

The lead-free perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have drawn a great deal of research interest due to the Pb toxicity of the lead halide perovskite.CH_3NH_3SnI_3 is a viable alternative to CH_3NH_3PbX_3,because it has a narrower band gap of 1.3 eV and a wider visible absorption spectrum than the lead halide perovskite.The progress of fabricating tin iodide PSCs with good stability has stimulated the studies of these CH_3NH_3SnI_3 based cells greatly.In the paper,we study the influences of various parameters on the solar cell performance through theoretical analysis and device simulation.It is found in the simulation that the solar cell performance can be improved to some extent by adjusting the doping concentration of the perovskite absorption layer and the electron affinity of the buffer and HTM,while the reduction of the defect density of the perovskite absorption layer significantly improves the cell performance.By further optimizing the parameters of the doping concentration(1.3 × 10~(16) cm~3) and the defect density(1 × 10~(15) cm~3) of perovskite absorption layer,and the electron affinity of buffer(4.0 eV) and HTM(2.6 eV),we finally obtain some encouraging results of the J_(sc) of 31.59 mA/cm~2,V_(oc) of 0.92 V,FF of 79.99%,and PCE of 23.36%.The results show that the lead-free CH_3NH_3SnI_3 PSC is a potential environmentally friendly solar cell with high efficiency.Improving the Sn~(2+) stability and reducing the defect density of CH_3NH_3SnI_3 are key issues for the future research,which can be solved by improving the fabrication and encapsulation process of the cell.