Amphoteric-like refraction in a two-dimensional photonic crystal

High-index contrast photonic crystals possess an intricate photonic band structure that is responsible for surprising phenomena as the surperprism effect, self-collimation, power splitting or negative refraction. Recently, it was reported that at the interface between an isotropic medium and a uniaxial crystal (or between two uniaxial crystals) a phenomenon known as amphoteric refraction, that is, positive as well as negative refraction, can take place. By means of a equifrequency contours analysis and finite-difference time-domain simulations, we show that a two dimensional photonic crystal can also present amphoteric refraction by properly choosing the lattice orientation and the termination. However, total transmission is difficult to achieve because a Bloch mode is excited inside the photonic crystal and the coupling efficiency from this mode to an external plane wave is lower than one.     

Polarization beam splitters based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal of negative refraction

A two-dimensional metallo-dielectric photonic crystal of negative refraction was designed for the application of polarization beam splitters. To match the refractive index of air, the effective refractive index of the designed photonic crystal is -1 for TE polarization and +1 for TM polarization. Two types of polarization beam splitter are presented.     

二维空气孔型光子晶体负折射平板透镜的减反层

提出并优化了由单排渐变介质波导构成的二维空气孔型光子晶体负折射平板透镜表面的减反层，改善了成像质量.二维时域有限差分模拟计算结果表明，采用减反层后，在入射角小于23°的范围内，在使得有效折射率n_eff=-1的工作频率处，光子晶体表面对从空气一侧入射的平面波的反射率可降低到1％以下. 关键词： 光子晶体 负折射 平板透镜 减反层     

Discrete negative refraction in photonic crystal waveguide arrays

We report a systematic analysis of anomalous refractive effects at interfaces between two photonic crystal waveguide arrays. Discrete negative refraction can be easily predicted from the sign of the coupling coefficient between adjacent waveguides, regardless of handedness of propagation.     

Tunable positive and negative refraction in optically induced photonic lattices

We study tunable refraction of light in one-dimensional periodic lattices induced optically in a photorefractive crystal. We observe experimentally both positive and negative refraction of beams that selectively excite the first or second spectral bands of the periodic lattice, and we demonstrate tunability of the output beam position by dynamically adjusting the lattice depth. At higher laser intensities, beam broadening due to diffraction can be suppressed through nonlinear self-focusing while preserving the general steering properties.     

Three-dimensional photonic crystal of negative refraction achieved by interference lithography

A three-dimensional bicontinuous photonic crystal of a bcc lattice with all-angle negative refraction that can be achieved at optical frequencies by interference lithography is proposed. A numerical simulation of the focusing imaging of a slab of this crystal was performed to verify the property of all-angle negative refraction. The dependence of the negative-refraction frequency range on the threshold of photoresist development and on the dielectric constant is also discussed.     

Negative refraction at infrared wavelengths in a two-dimensional photonic crystal

We report on the first experimental evidence of negative refraction at telecommunication wavelengths by a two-dimensional photonic crystal field. Samples were fabricated by chemically assisted ion beam etching in the InP-based low-index constrast system. Experiments of beam imaging and light collection show light focusing by the photonic crystal field. Finite-difference time-domain simulations confirm that the observed focusing is due to negative refraction in the photonic crystal area.     

Enhance the resolution of photonic crystal negative refraction imaging by metal grating

The resolution of imaging is limited by the missing of high-frequencies information. The superlens employing negative refraction can compensate for these components. But for the directional coupling of Bloch waves and the low coupling efficiency of large-angle waves, the resolution of subwavelength imaging is not satisfactory. However, the subwavelength metallic grating can produce high-order diffracted waves carrying a lot of high-frequencies information. Therefore, this structure is used to inhibit the zero-order diffraction and enhance the high-order diffraction to achieve super-resolution.     

光控液晶光子晶体微腔全光开关

设计了一种缺陷模迁移光子晶体微腔全光开关. 两条二维三角晶格空气孔光子晶体波导由一个光子晶体微腔连接, 在微腔的点缺陷中填充掺有少量偶氮聚合物的苯乙炔类液晶. 通过调节控制光的偏振态, 使偶氮聚合物发生顺-反异构化反应, 带动液晶分子重新取向, 从而改变光子晶体微腔的谐振波长, 进而实现光的通过与截止. 运用时域有限差分法和平面波展开法分析 了二维光控液晶光子晶体微腔全光开关的光学特性. 数值计算结果表明: 对于1.55 μ通信波段通过外界偏振光控制所填充的向列相液晶 的折射率可以实现对光波的导通与截止. 分析结果显示, 此开关具有阈值低, 消光比较大, 体积小等优点. 关键词： 二维光子晶体微腔 波导 时域有限差分(FDTD) 液晶     

波状结构二维光子晶体负折射现象的研究

结合波状结构二维(2D)光子晶体(PC)与入射介质两者的等频面结构分析了PC内部的负折射现象，采用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法模拟了高斯光束在波状结构2DPC内的负折射，分别得到了折射角/入射角以及折射角/入射波长之间的关系曲线，当入射角为45°，入射波段在1485—1530nm区域时，波状结构2DPC的负折射角与入射波长近似呈线性变化关系，并带有明显的PC超棱镜效应，采用端面投影方法对波状结构2DPC的入射端面和出射端面进行处理，改善了负折射时的透过率. 关键词： 光子晶体 负折射 等频面     

Open cavity formed by a photonic crystal with negative effective index of refraction

An open cavity formed by three 60 degrees wedges of a photonic crystal with negative effective index is designed and studied. The quality factor of the open cavity can be larger than 2000. The influence of the interface termination on the resonant frequency and the quality factor is studied.     

Tunable band gaps in electro-optical photonic bi-oriented crystals

Electrically induced birefringence is studied in photonic bi-oriented crystals in terms of molding lightflow in optical devices. In photonic bi-oriented crystals, misorientation of dielectric anisotropic grains results in a dielectric contrast at the grain boundaries. The translational periodicity of the optical constants depends upon a regular network of twisted dielectrics. Due to the anisotropy of the bicrystalline structure the direction of light propagation determines the dielectric contrast at the grain boundaries. In a specific crystallographic arrangement the optical properties of the bi-oriented crystal can be tuned by the electro-optical effect: the periodic dielectric contrast is electrically induced and photonic bandgaps are generated by applying external electric fields. The geometrical requirements for tunable photonic bicrystals are evaluated based on materials employed for electro-optical applications. Tunable photonic bi-oriented crystals may be candidates for fast optical switches, modulators and multiplexers in the optical communication network. Received: 5 July 2001 / Revised version: 3 August 2001 / Published online: 15 October 2001     

Negative refraction in two-dimensional photonic crystals

We present some of our recent results for negative refraction in photonic crystals. The concept of negative refraction in photonic crystals is firstly introduced. Then, the propagation of electromagnetic waves in photonic crystals is systematically studied. By the layer Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker method, the coupling efficiency between external plane waves and the Bloch waves in photonic crystals is investigated. It is found that the coupling coefficient is highly angular dependent even for an interface between air with n=1 and a photonic crystal with effective index n_eff=-1. It is also shown that, for point imaging by a photonic crystal slab, owing to the negative refraction, the influence of the surface termination on the transmission and the imaging quality is significant. Finally, we present results experimentally demonstrating negative refraction in a two-dimensional photonic crystal at optical communication wavelengths. PACS 42.70.Qs; 41.85.Ct; 42.30.Va     

Strongly frequency-dependent negative refraction of a two-dimensional sonic crystal wedge

Negative refraction of a two-dimensional sonic crystal prism has been numerically demonstrated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. It is shown that both positive refraction and negative refraction can be predominant corresponding to different frequencies in the second band. The equifrequency surfaces and some expansion coefficients have also been calculated by the plane-wave expansion method to help understand the FDTD results. These frequency-dependent properties of negative refraction are attributed to the coupling between higher-order Bragg waves inside the sonic crystals and the waves in the homogeneous medium.     

Nano-optic label-free biosensors based on photonic crystal platform with negative refraction

In this paper, a novel biosensor based on hetero photonic crystal (PC) structures is proposed. The biosensor consists of photonic crystals with negative refraction (PCNR) embedded between two ordinary PC structures. The PCNR is employed in order to produce an image that is as similar as the light source, which is located in the first ordinary PC. Significant enhancement of the image is achieved when a nanocavity is introduced into the PCNR. It is found that the transmission peak shifts when the nanocavity is filled with blood plasma, liquid and dry air. It is shown that by careful selection of the radius of the nanocavity, the sensitivity of the proposed biosensor can be enhanced. The presented PCNR biosensor is investigated by employing the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD).     

Realization of absolute negative refraction index by a photonic crystal using anisotropic dielectric material

A method to realize absolute negative refraction index -1 with a two-dimensional （2D） photonic crystal is presented by introducing dielectric anisotropy in the photonic crystal material. The band structures of E-polarization mode and H-polarization mode can be adjusted by changing the parameters of materials. Thus the two modes with different polarizations have the same negative refraction index -1 for the same frequency. The results are demonstrated by numerical simulation based on the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method.     

Focusing of light by negative refraction in a photonic crystal slab superlens on silicon-on-insulator substrate

We experimentally demonstrate the light focusing by negative refraction in a photonic crystal slab superlens at wavelengths lambda of 1.26-1.42 microm. The photonic crystal slab was fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrate with an interface structure optimized for low reflection and diffraction losses. The light focusing in the photonic crystal slab was clearly observed through the intentional out-of-plane radiation or scattering of guided light in the slab. The minimum focused spot width was limited to 1.8 microm(1.4 lambda) owing to aberrations. The focusing characteristics were in good agreement with those obtained from photonic band and finite-difference time-domain analyses.     

Negative refraction and reflection of Gaussian beam on two-dimensional photonic crystal slab

The refraction and reflection of Gaussian beam on two-dimensional photonic crystal (2DPC) slab are studied by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. It is shown that 2DPC slab enables negative refraction, which is demystified by the distribution of Poynting vector directions and values inside the 2DPC. A negative Goos-Hanchen shift is also found in the simulation.     

Efficient tunable negative refraction photonic crystal achieved by an elliptic rod lattice with a nematic liquid crystal

Photonic crystals (PCs) have many potential applications because of their ability to control light-wave propagation. We have investigated the electromagnetic wave propagation inside an elliptic rod PC slab by means of finite-difference time-domain simulations. The band structure of the PC composed of elliptic rod in the square and triangular lattices is studied by solving Maxwell's equations using the plane wave expansion method. Numerical simulations show that the refractive angle can be tuned greatly by rotating the directors of elliptic rod in the PC slab. Furthermore, an optical switch based on elliptic rod PC structures with nematic liquid crystals was proposed. In the on/off switching system, the partial band gap can be controlled when the normalized operation frequency is 0.28. The modulation induced by liquid crystals created a sharp switching in the photonic devices. Such a mechanism of negative refraction PCs should open up a new application for designing components in photonic integrated circuits.     

The imaging properties of photonic crystal slabs with effective negative refraction indexes

The imaging properties of photonic crystals (PCs) with effective negative refraction indexes are studied by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The images resulting from a PC are the results of the interaction of multiple mechanisms. The superlens phenomena are restricted within some special conditions, such as low source frequency, excitation of surface mode and little effect of Bragg diffraction. PACS 78.20.Ci; 41.20.Jb; 42.70. Qs