Nonlinear dynamics of the voice: Signal analysis and biomechanical modeling

Irregularities in voiced speech are often observed as a consequence of vocal fold lesions, paralyses, and other pathological conditions. Many of these instabilities are related to the intrinsic nonlinearities in the vibrations of the vocal folds. In this paper, bifurcations in voice signals are analyzed using narrow-band spectrograms. We study sustained phonation of patients with laryngeal paralysis and data from an excised larynx experiment. These spectrograms are compared with computer simulations of an asymmetric 2-mass model of the vocal folds. (c) 1995 American Institute of Physics.     

First and second order semi-Markov chains for wind speed modeling

The increasing interest in renewable energy, particularly in wind, has given rise to the necessity of accurate models for the generation of good synthetic wind speed data. Markov chains are often used for this purpose but better models are needed to reproduce the statistical properties of wind speed data. We downloaded a database, freely available from the web, in which are included wind speed data taken from L.S.I. -Lastem station (Italy) and sampled every 10 min. With the aim of reproducing the statistical properties of this data we propose the use of three semi-Markov models. We generate synthetic time series for wind speed by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The time lagged autocorrelation is then used to compare statistical properties of the proposed models with those of real data and also with a synthetic time series generated through a simple Markov chain.     

Renormalization group decimation technique for disordered binary harmonic chains

The density of states of disordered binary harmonic chains is calculated using the Renormalization Group Decimation Technique on the displacements of the masses from their equilibrium positions. The results are compared with numerical simulation data and with those obtained with the current method of Gonçalves da Silva and Koiller. The advantage of our procedure over the other methods is discussed.     

Nonlinear optical technique for precise retardation measurements

We present a highly sensitive nonlinear optical technique to measure optical retardation. The technique is based on second-harmonic generation from thin films using two beams at the fundamental frequency. The sensitive polarization dependence of the process allows measuring optical retardation very precisely. The technique relies on fundamental symmetry principles and does therefore not require complicated experimental arrangement or data analysis. The technique was demonstrated by determining the retardation of a nominal half-wave plate to a precision and repeatability better than lambda/10(4).     

From DNA sequence analysis to modeling replication in the human genome

We explore the large-scale behavior of nucleotide compositional strand asymmetries along human chromosomes. As we observe for 7 of 9 origins of replication experimentally identified so far, the (TA+GC) skew displays rather sharp upward jumps, with a linear decreasing profile in between two successive jumps. We present a model of replication with well positioned replication origins and random terminations that accounts for the observed characteristic serrated skew profiles. We succeed in identifying 287 pairs of putative adjacent replication origins with an origin spacing approximately 1-2 Mbp that are likely to correspond to replication foci observed in interphase nuclei and recognized as stable structures that persist throughout subsequent cell generations.     

Nonlinear modulation technique for NDE with air-coupled ultrasound

The present study is aimed at expanding flexibility and application area of nonlinear acoustic modulation (NAM-) technique by combining the benefits of noncontact ultrasound excitation (remote locating and imaging of defects) with sensitivity of nonlinear methods in a new air-coupled NAM-version. A pair of focused air-coupled transducers was used to generate and receive (high-frequency) longitudinal or flexural waves in plate-like samples. Low-frequency (LF-) vibrations were excited with a shaker or a loudspeaker. Temporal and spectral analysis of the output signal revealed an extremely efficient nonlinear amplitude modulation and multiple frequency side-bands for sound transmission and flexural wave propagation through cracked defects. On the contrary, a negligible modulation was observed for large and medium scale inclusions and material inhomogeneities (linear defects). A new subharmonic mode of the NAM was observed at high excitation levels. It was also shown for the first time that nonlinear vibrations of cracks resulted in radiation of a very high-order harmonics (well above 100) of the driving excitation in air that enabled imaging of cracks remotely by registration their highly nonlinear "acoustic emission" with air-coupled transducers.     

成像目标跟踪目标建模技术综述

由目标跟踪的数学模型得出,影响目标跟踪性能的三个主要因素为目标状态转移模型、滤波算法和目标建模技术.对目标建模技术进行了综述和分析,分别从特征选择、特征的统计建模和相似性度量三个方面进行了阐述.以畸变不变性、目标/背景分辨能力作为性能评价手段定性地比较了国内外文献中提出的多种目标表征模型.指出了目标跟踪中目标表征模型自...     

具有反铁磁相互作用的双铁磁链中的非线性激发

采用双子格模型和相干态表示,研究了链与链之间存在反铁磁相互作用的双铁磁链系统中的非线性激发的性质,得到了孤子的宽度,能量及有效质量。结果表明在不同情况下的各向异性双铁磁链中可以激发拓扑性孤子或非拓性孤子或非拓生反孤子。     

Nonlinear waves in dry and wet Hertzian granular chains

A one-dimensional dry granular medium, a chain of beads which interact via the nonlinear Hertz potential, exhibits strongly nonlinear behaviors. When such an alignment further contains some fluid in the interstices between grains, it may exhibit new interesting features. We report some recent experiments, analysis and numerical simulations concerning nonlinear wave propagation in dry and wet chains of spheres. We consider first a monodisperse chain as a reference case. We then analyze how the pulse characteristics are modified in the presence of an interstitial viscous fluid. The fluid not only induces dissipation but also strongly affect the intergrain stiffness: in a wet chain, wave speed is enhanced and pulses are shorter. Simple experiments performed with a single sphere colliding a wall covered by a thin film of fluid confirm these observations. We demonstrate that even a very small amount of fluid can overcome the Hertzian potential and is responsible for a large increase of contact stiffness. Possible mechanisms for wet contact hardening are related to large fluid shear rate during fast elastohydrodynamic collision between grains.     

Nonlinear induction technique for controlling thin-film superconductor structure quality

An advanced technique for contactless study of critical parameters of superconductor materials, based on measurements of the sample nonlinear response to local excitation by an ac magnetic field, is proposed. The results of numerical simulation of the nonlinear response signal spectrum are presented and compared with measurement results. The possibility of reconstructing the superconductor current-voltage characteristic by the response signal shape is considered.     

Nonlinear spectroscopy of resonant levels by the photon-echo technique

A new method to measure the relaxation times of population, orientation and alignment of the resonant level is proposed.     

Nonlinear complementarity equations for modeling tire-soil interaction—An incremental Bekker approach

In this work, an accurate computational model for analyzing tire-soil interaction problems is described. In the traditional approach, Bekker equation is written in a global form and a quasi-static analysis is then carried out to iteratively capture the interaction of the tire, which is modeled as a rigid wheel and the soil. The iteration is tedious but required in order to model the nonlinear relationship between soil sinkage and pressure, and the unknown loading/unloading/reloading status of the soil that is dependent on past histories. An incremental form of Bekker model is proposed to overcome some of the difficulties in the traditional approach. The method involves formulating the contact dynamics with a set of complementarity equations. This approach allows the contact forces to be evaluated as part of the solution of the unknown kinematics, and thereby, stay current during an iteration. In contrast, the contact forces in the traditional Bekker method are always be one time-step back. The net result is enhanced computational accuracy and convergency for the proposed incremental Bekker approach. Two examples are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Solutions for soil sinkage, drawbar pull, normal pressure, and shear stress for a tire interacting with three types of soil; loose sand, soft soil, and LETE sand are provided and compared with published results. The comparison shows good agreement.     

Nonlinear damping calculation in cylindrical gear dynamic modeling

The nonlinear dynamic problem posed by cylindrical gear systems has been extensively covered in the literature. Nonetheless, a significant proportion of the mechanisms involved in damping generation remains to be investigated and described. The main objective of this study is to contribute to this task. Overall, damping is assumed to consist of three sources: surrounding element contribution, hysteresis of the teeth, and oil squeeze damping. The first two contributions are considered to be commensurate with the supported load; for its part however, squeeze damping is formulated using expressions developed from the Reynolds equation. A lubricated impact analysis between the teeth is introduced in this study for the minimum film thickness calculation during contact losses. The dynamic transmission error (DTE) obtained from the final model showed close agreement with experimental measurements available in the literature. The nonlinear damping ratio calculated at different mesh frequencies and torque amplitudes presented average values between 5.3 percent and 8 percent, which is comparable to the constant 8 percent ratio used in published numerical simulations of an equivalent gear pair. A close analysis of the oil squeeze damping evidenced the inverse relationship between this damping effect and the applied load.     

汉语语音的非线性动力学特性分析

用非线性动力学方法对正常语速的汉语语音进行了初步研究,对关税维算法进行了改进以适合语音信号的特点,文章给出了摩擦音和单元音汉语的相空间重构图及关联维曲线,发现由于它们在发声机制上的不同,关联维算法能够区分摩擦音和单元音,同时初步研究表明,关联维算法也能为区分汉语四声提供信息。     

Nonlinear structural mechanics based modeling of carbon nanotube deformation

A nonlinear structural mechanics based approach for modeling the structure and the deformation of single-wall and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is presented. Individual tubes are modeled using shell finite elements, where a specific pairing of elastic properties and mechanical thickness of the tube wall is identified to enable successful modeling with shell theory. The effects of van der Waals forces are simulated with special interaction elements. This new CNT modeling approach is verified by comparison with molecular dynamics simulations and high-resolution micrographs available in the literature. The mechanics of wrinkling of multiwall CNTs are studied, demonstrating the role of the multiwalled shell structure and interwall van der Waals interactions in governing buckling and postbuckling behavior.     

Mass spring lattice modeling of the scanning laser source technique

The scanning laser source (SLS) technique is a promising new laser ultrasonic tool for the detection of small surface-breaking defects. The SLS approach is based on monitoring the changes in laser generated ultrasound as a laser source is scanned over a defect. Changes in amplitude and frequency content have been observed for ultrasound generated by the laser over uniform and defective areas. In this paper, the SLS technique is simulated numerically using the mass spring lattice model. Thermoelastic laser generation of ultrasound in an elastic material is modeled using a shear dipole distribution. The spatial and temporal energy distribution profiles of typical pulsed laser sources are used to model the laser source. The amplitude and spectral variations in the laser generated ultrasound as the SLS scans over a large aluminum block containing a small surface-breaking crack are observed. The experimentally observed SLS amplitude and spectral signatures are shown to be captured very well by the model. In addition, the possibility of utilizing the SLS technique to size surface-breaking cracks that are sub-wavelength in depth is explored.     

Novel subgridding technique for the analysis of optical devices

A novel subgridding algorithm for the Method of Lines is presented. It enables to refine a mesh in subgridded regions by any positive integer number. High-accuracy of the proposed algorithm is achieved by second-order finite difference operators. The interpolation of the missing field components at the interface coarse/fine grid is performed with second-order accuracy as well. Numerical results are provided to check the accuracy of the proposed formulation.     

A windowing technique for the automated analysis of holo-interferograms

A systematic method for measuring surface deformations is described which includes the use of real-time holographic interferometry, the incorporation of a carrier fringe pattern to achieve fringe linearization, and the application of image digitization and automated computer analysis for rapid quantitative interpretation. In this method, regions of interest can be selected by the use of a windowing technique in which the operator specifies the desired subregion. The problem of correctly numbering fringes which originate or vanish at the boundary where the scanning begins is solved by an algorithm which ensures correct identification of the fringe orders. The output includes a perspective plot of the out-of-plane deformation field.This method is demonstrated by its application to a measurement of the out-of-plane deformation of a hermetically sealed plastic housing loaded by internal pressurization.     

DNA的非线性动力学特性和它的功能

用新建立的非线性动力学模型研究了DNA的非线性特性及它的复制与遗传,转录和转译等生物功能.这个新的模型强调了碱基氢键中的氢原子的独特作用,使用了三个动力学变量来描述氢原子在双Morse势中的振动及碱基的振动与转动,并充分考虑了三个运动模之间的耦合效应.应用这模型得到了复制与转录的特性,说明了DNA的分型特征及D-DNA-A-DNA以及B-DNA-Z-DNA等的相变机制及特性.     

两种大规模燃耗链求解算法对比分析

为严格追踪裂变反应堆中核素成分随燃耗的变化,基于燃耗矩阵法求解燃耗方程,分别采用自主编写的Chebyshev有理近似方法(CRAM)程序和广泛应用的ORIGEN2程序进行大规模燃耗链的点燃耗计算,并对两种算法的相关参数进行对比分析。结果表明：在计算精度方面,CRAM与ORIGEN2程序获得的重要核素的核密度较为一致,个别核素相对误差较大;在计算效率方面,单步燃耗计算ORIGEN2略胜一筹,但CRAM耗时也非常短;在步长稳定性方面,CRAM具有显著优势,而ORIGEN2的统计结果受步长变化的影响较大。