给体-受体型有机太阳电池光敏层的优化设计

针对有机给体-受体型异质结薄膜太阳电池，基于薄膜中的光学干涉效应和激子扩散理论建立模型，定量分析了有机层厚度对太阳电池性能的影响，通过限制有机光敏层厚度来控制由光学干涉效应引起的局部光子密度(光强度)的分布，进而优化有机层的吸收效率和激子扩散效率，以此达到提高器件光伏效率的目的.并通过实验进行了验证. 关键词： 有机太阳电池 给体-受体 优化设计 激子     

不同遮盖物下太阳电池的输出特性研究

太阳电池作为始终置身户外的能源设备,自身输出很大程度上受环境因素的影响,除了晴天、阴天、雨天等天气的影响,太阳电池还受尘土、树叶等遮盖物的影响.笔者实验观测研究了尘土、树叶、积雪的遮盖下太阳电池的输出特性.在南京地区开展了户外研究,在不同的遮盖条件下,对太阳电池的开路电压和短路电流进行记录,发现不同遮盖物对太阳电池的发电性能均有不同程度的削弱.     

载流子迁移率对有机太阳能电池性能影响的模拟研究

通过器件模拟的方法研究了载流子迁移率对有机太阳能电池性能的影响。研究发现载流子迁移率同时影响光生电子-空穴对的解离和载流子的输运过程,电子和空穴的迁移率都有一个最佳值。大于最佳值会导致短路电流的微小上升和开路电压的大幅下降;小于最佳值会降低光生电子-空穴对的解离效率,进而使短路电流和填充因子明显下降。     

体异质结有机太阳能电池性能提高的研究

制备了四种不同结构的有机太阳能电池器件,器件1 ITO/LiF/PEDOT∶PSS/MEH-PPV/C₆₀/Al、器件2 ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/MEH-PPV/C₆₀/Al、器件3 ITO/LiF/PEDOT∶PSS/MEH-PPV∶C₆₀/C₆₀/Al和器件4 ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/MEH-PPV∶C₆₀/C₆₀/Al。测量了它们的电流－电压特性,结果显示在ITO和PEDOT∶PSS之间插入一薄层LiF使得器件性能得到较大提高。其器件1的J_SC和FF比器件2的提高了74%和31%; 器件3的J_SC比器件4的提高了约40%。这主要是由于LiF层有效地抑制了空穴向阳极的传输,并且LiF层在ITO和PEDOT:PSS之间形成了良好的界面特性。因此,这种结构上的改进有效地提高了有机太阳能电池的性能。     

使用超快拉曼光谱技术研究四极矩给体-受体-给体分子的激发态动力学

具有对称结构和四极矩性质的给体-受体-给体分子在激发态通常展现出从离域的电荷转移态向局域的电荷转移态转化的电荷重分布过程,该现象已被多种超快时间分辨光谱技术进行了大量研究. 飞秒受激拉曼光谱是一种常用的超快时间分辨光谱,该光谱可以通过检测分子内特定的振动模来研究分子激发态动力学. 本研究采用的4,4''-(1,3-丁二炔-1,4-二基)双(N,N-二(4-甲氧苯基)苯胺)含有位于中间位置的两个相邻炔基(电子受体)和对称分布在分子两侧的N,N-二(4-甲氧苯基)苯胺(电子给体). 研究发现,飞秒受激拉曼光谱能够实时观测该分子在溶剂中发生的激发态电荷重分布过程. 该结果将有助于深入研究具有相邻特征官能团的对称四极矩分子光致电荷局域/离域动力学.     

光照强度对太阳能电池特性影响的实验研究

阐述了太阳能电池特性的相关理论,用实验方法研究了太阳能电池开路电压、短路电流、最大输出功率、最佳负载电阻及填充因子与光照强度的关系,结果表明,太阳能电池的开路电压、短路电流、最大输出功率随光照强度的增强而增大,最佳负载电阻和填充因子随光照强度的增强而减小,其中随着光照强度减弱而最佳负载电阻增大并未发现有相关的理论分析或仿真结果的报道,其他结果与太阳能电池特性相关理论一致.     

太阳能电池基本特性研究

随着太阳能电池使用日益广泛，对太阳能电池特性的研究也越来越引起人们的重视。     

线性电路中基尔霍夫定理与戴维南诺顿定理的等效性研究

通过计算和实验得出电工学中最基本的规律基尔霍夫定理与戴维南定理和诺顿定理具有等效性,它们对同一线性含电源电路有相同的结果。基尔霍夫定理不但能适合各种线性非线性有源无源电路的计算,且计算出的数据种类更齐全,这是戴维南定理和诺顿定理达不到的。但是戴维南定理和诺顿定理更适合实际测量中对电路的简化,它要比基尔霍夫定理更简便。     

基于金颗粒自组装烷基硫醇为缓冲层的有机太阳能电池

有机活性层和无机电极的界面修饰影响到有机太阳能电池性能。本文引入金纳米颗粒自组装烷基硫醇,改善有机/无机的界面。制备“ITO/金颗粒-硫醇自组装缓冲层/聚3-己基噻吩(P3HT)∶[6,6]-苯基-C61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM)/LiF/Al电极”结构的器件。自组装硫醇防止了因金颗粒与活性层直接接触导致的激子猝灭效应。我们研究了金纳米颗粒自组装不同链长的烷基硫醇对器件性能的影响,烷基硫醇的烷基链越长,硫醇对金颗粒的覆盖性越好,器件的短路电流越高。金纳米颗粒自组装十二烷基硫醇,短路电流J_SC由5.19 mA·cm-2提升到6.24 mA·cm-2,提高了20%。     

非晶硅锗电池性能的调控研究

采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术, 研究了非晶硅锗薄膜太阳电池. 针对非晶硅锗薄膜材料的本身特性, 通过调控硅锗合金中硅锗的比例, 实现了对硅锗薄膜太阳电池中开路电压和短路电流密度的分别控制. 借助于本征层硅锗材料帯隙梯度的设计, 获得了可有效用于多结叠层电池中的非晶硅锗电池. 关键词： 非晶硅锗薄膜太阳电池 短路电流密度 开路电压 带隙梯度     

Emitter of hetero-junction solar cells created using pulsed rapid thermal annealing

In this paper, we use a pulsed rapid thermal processing (RTP) approach to create an emitter layer of hetero-junction solar cell. The process parameters and crystallization behaviour are studied. The structural, optical and electric properties of the crystallized films are also investigated. Both the depth of PN junction and the conductivity of the emitter layer increase with the number of RTP pulses increasing. Simulation results show that efficiencies of such solar cells can exceed 15% with a lower interface recombination rate, but the highest efficiency is 11.65% in our experiments.     

有机太阳能电池的研究进展

能量转化效率低是有机太阳能电池实现商业化生产的一个瓶颈,因此,制备高性能太阳能电池的关键之一是提高能量转化效率(ηp),文章介绍了有机太阳能电池的工作原理,论述了目前有机太阳能电池的研究现状,重点从提高有机太阳能电池的开路电压(Voc)、短路电流(Isc)、光电转换效率(ηEOE)和填充因子(FF)等几方面分析总结了提高有机太阳能电池能量转化效率的几种有效途径,并简要阐述了有机太阳能电池稳定性的研究进展.     

Organic p-i-n solar cells

We introduce a p-i-n-type heterojunction architecture for organic solar cells where the active region is sandwiched between two doped wide-gap layers. The term p-i-n means here a layer sequence in the form p-doped layer, intrinsic layer and n-doped layer. The doping is realized by controlled co-evaporation using organic dopants and leads to conductivities of 10^-4 to 10^-5 S/cm in the p- and n-doped wide-gap layers, respectively. The photoactive layer is formed by a mixture of phthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc) and the fullerene C₆₀ and shows mainly amorphous morphology. As a first step towards p-i-n structures, we show the advantage of using wide-gap layers in M-i-p-type diodes (metal layer–intrinsic layer–p-doped layer). The solar cells exhibit a maximum external quantum efficiency of 40% between 630-nm and 700-nm wavelength. With the help of an optical multilayer model, we optimize the optical properties of the solar cells by placing the active region at the maximum of the optical field distribution. The results of the model are largely confirmed by the experimental findings. For an optically optimized device, we find an internal quantum efficiency of around 82% under short-circuit conditions. Adding a layer of 10-nm thickness of the red material N,N-dimethylperylene-3,4:9,10-dicarboximide (Me-PTCDI) to the active region, a power-conversion efficiency of 1.9% for a single cell is obtained. Such optically thin cells with high internal quantum efficiency are an important step towards high-efficiency tandem cells. First tandem cells which are not yet optimized already show 2.4% power-conversion efficiency under simulated AM 1.5 illumination of 125 mW/cm² . PACS 73.61.Ph; 78.30.Jw; 89.30.Cc     

Organic semiconductor solar cells with a heterojunction

Solar cells with an SnO₂/CuPc/BP/Ag heterojunction are investigated. When the cell was illuminated with white light (E=750 W/m²) through the SnO₂, a photoelectric emf of 0.47 V was generated, the short-circuit current was 5 A/m², and the maximum efficiency for the absorbed light η=0.66%. The barrier capacitance of the heterojunction C_b=1.3·10⁻³ F/m²; the width of the barrier in the CuPc and BP is W₁=7 nm and W₂=27 nm, respectively. The photosensitivity range is 400–800 nm. It is concluded that a heterojunction is present at the boundary of the p-CuPc (E_g=2.0 eV) and n-BP (E_g=0.8 eV). Vologod Polytechnical Institute. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 69–72, January, 1997.     

Organic dopant added polyvinylidene fluoride based solid polymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells

The effect of phenothiazine (PTZ) as dopant on PVDF/KI/I₂ electrolyte was studied for the fabrication of efficient dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The different weight percentage (wt%) ratios (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) of PTZ doped PVDF/KI/I₂ electrolyte films were prepared by solution casting method using DMF as a solvent. The following techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and AC-impedance analysis have been employed to characterize the prepared polymer electrolyte films. The FT-IR studies revealed the complex formation between PVDF/KI/I₂ and PTZ. The crystalline and amorphous nature of polymer electrolytes were confirmed by DSC and XRD analysis respectively. The ionic conductivities of polymer electrolyte films were calculated from the AC-impedance analysis. The undoped PVDF/KI/I₂ electrolyte exhibited the ionic conductivity of 4.68×10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹ and this value was increased to 7.43×10⁻⁵ S cm⁻¹ when PTZ was added to PVDF/KI/I₂ electrolyte. On comparison with different wt% ratios, the maximum ionic conductivity was observed for 20% PTZ-PVDF/KI/I₂ electrolyte. A DSSC assembled with the optimized wt % of PTZ doped PVDF/KI/I₂ electrolyte exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2.92%, than the undoped PVDF/KI/I₂ electrolyte (1.41%) at similar conditions. Hence, the 20% PTZ-PVDF/KI/I₂ electrolyte was found to be optimal for DSSC applications.     

Sensitized solar cells based on natural dyes

We have employed several natural dyes for application in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Spinach, beet, red cabbage and strawberry are well known and have been already used. We then checked the opportunity to realize good DSSC with dyes available in Tunisia: Henna and Mallow (Mloukhya). Henna is a herb which has interesting reddish brownish dyeing properties used since antiquity for traditional decoration of skin, hair and fingernails in the Middle East and North Africa. The mallow is a green vegetable which is widely consumed in the same region. The optical absorption of the extracted dyes diluted in ethanol or distilled water were measured using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The absorption in beet and red cabbage is more significant compared to the other dyes. Mallow and henna dyes present a noticeable band in the region 660 nm. Infra-red spectroscopy measurements were done to probe the structure and dynamics in our used dyes. In this paper, we present the steps followed in the making of our solar cells. The DSSC were assembled using two glass plates (supporting electrode and counter electrode) which are coated with transparent conducting oxide (TCO). The counter electrode is coated by a catalyst Pt (Platinum) to speed up the redox reaction with the electrolyte solution. The typical J–V curves of our solar cells under AM 1.5 using a density of power 100 mW/cm² were measured. Cells using henna and mallow as dyes present less degradation with time in the photoelectric characteristics. The mallow cell shows a good fill factor of 55% and a noticeable photoelectric conversion efficiency of 0.215%.     

Performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on natural dyes

The natural dyes were successfully extracted from spinach, pitaya pericarp, orange peel, ginkgo leaf, purple cabbage and carrot, and then fabricated a dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It suggested that the absorption properties of natural dyes were strongly dependent on the types and concentration of pigments, and the purple cabbage exhibited an obvious absorption at 317 nm. Meanwhile, a higher conversion efficiency of 0.157% was obtained as the DSSCs were prepared by using purple cabbage, but the DSSCs showed a poor performance when the carrot was used as natural dyes, just achieved 0.01%. FTIR spectra revealed that purple cabbage showed a better adsorption properties between TiO₂ films and dyes than carrot. The dipping time was further investigated and proved that an optimal dipping time was 6 min, the DSSCs using purple cabbage could achieve 0.146% in photoelectric conversion efficiency.     

Influence of the broken symmetry of defect state distribution at the a-Si:H/c-Si interface on the performance of hetero-junction solar cells

Taking into account the fact that the distribution of defect states at the interface does not have strictly symmetrical shape, we present a simulation study of a-Si:H(n)/c-Si(p) and a-Si:H(p)/c-Si(n) structures with regard to the defect states at the interface, band offsets and doping concentration of the emitter. The presented results suggest for a-Si:H(n)/c-Si(p) solar cells a strong influence of the introduced broken symmetry between acceptor and donor defect states on the open-circuit voltage, whereas the a-Si:H(p)/c-Si(n) structure benefits from inherent favorable band alignment and remains unaffected.     

Efficient nanocoax‐based solar cells

The power conversion efficiency of most thin film solar cells is compromised by competing optical and electronic constraints, wherein a cell must be thick enough to collect light yet thin enough to efficiently extract current. Here, we introduce a nanoscale solar architecture inspired by a well‐known radio technology concept, the coaxial cable, that naturally resolves this “thick–thin” conundrum. Optically thick and elec‐ tronically thin amorphous silicon “nanocoax” cells are in the range of 8% efficiency, higher than any nanostructured thin film solar cell to date. Moreover, the thin nature of the cells reduces the Staebler–Wronski light‐induced degradation effect, a major problem with conventional solar cells of this type. This nanocoax represents a new platform for low cost, high efficiency solar power. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)