氮掺杂碳纳米管负载铂催化剂的简易制备及催化性能

以氮掺杂碳纳米管为载体,在温和条件下采用简单的浸渍法制备得到铂催化剂,铂的粒径分布在4～7 nm,且氮掺杂碳纳米管无需进行预处理. 采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜和能量色散X射线仪等对Pt/CN_x催化剂进行了详细的表征. 结果表明,氮掺杂碳纳米管中高含量的氮原子能够有效俘获Pt(IV) 离子,且表面的含氮官能团及亲水性能的提高都有利于铂纳米粒子的分散. Pt/CN_x催化剂在烯丙醇加氢反应中表现出高的催化性能及循环使用性能,这是由于铂纳米粒子的高分散性及铂与载体间强的连接性阻止了Pt的流失及聚积,从而避免生成Pt黑导致失活等.     

非水体系中甲酸在铂电极上催化氧化的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

采用共焦显微拉曼系统研究了甲酸在非水体系中的纯多晶铂电极上的表面增强拉曼光谱,实验发现电位较低时甲酸首先在粗糙铂电极表面生成CO中间体,当电位逐渐变正并高于0.1 V时CO开始氧化,但是此时新生成的CO足以弥补其氧化的消耗,表现在Raman强度和一定覆盖度下的耦合作用并没有减少。当电位达到约0.6 V时CO的氧化速度进一步加剧并完全氧化为最终产物CO₂。     

活性炭担载的Rh-M0-K合成醇催化剂

采用XRD、EXAFS等技术研究向微量贵金属Rh对活性炭担载的Rh-Mo-K合成醇催化剂结构的影响,并关联其催化性能。氧化态Rh-Mo-K／AC样品中Rh与Mo有着较强的相互作用,使得K2Mo2O7向MoO2转化。硫化还原后,Mo主要以MoS2微晶形式存在,其有序结构尺度随Rh含量的增加而减小。经Rh助剂修饰后,催化剂的合成醇催化性能有明显的提高。     

纳米铂颗粒的控制生长

利用吸氢再还原法,进行逐步还原反应,合成了一系列大小的铂纳米颗粒;透射电镜和X光衍射分析表征的结果表明,铂颗粒是逐步长大的,经过32次生长,铂颗粒的平均粒径从1.8nm增加到14.1nm,平均增加步长约为0.4nm,且粒子均具较好的单分散性.     

Pd/C催化剂在乙炔选择加氢反应中的催化性能：载体效应

Pd/C catalysts were prepared by deposited Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on different carbon supports including activated carbon (AC), graphite oxide (GO), and reduced graphite oxide (rGO) using sol-immobilization method. Through transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray di raction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the role of the carbon supports for the catalytic performances of Pd/C catalysts was examined in selective hydrogenation of acetylene. The results indicate that Pd/AC exhibited higher activity and selectivity than Pd/GO and Pd/rGO in the gas phase selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Thermal and chemical treatment of AC supports also have some effect on the catalytic performance of Pd/AC catalysts. The differences in the activity and selectivity of various Pd/C catalysts were partly attributed to the metal-support interaction.     

ESCA Studies of Supported Catalysts

Abstract

Since ESCA measurement reveals the chemical composition and oxidation states of atoms on the surface of solids [1], it provides a new probe for investigation in the field of catalysis. It has been widely used to investigate directly the surface structure and composition, mechanisms of reaction, poisoning and reactivation; composition activity performance correlationship, etc. ESCA on catalysts has been reviewed by several workers [2–71, but its use in supported catalysts has not received the attention of workers. In this review the potential applications of XPS on several supported catalysts are discussed.     

K-Co-Mo/CNTs催化剂合成低碳醇性能研究

A series of carbon nanotubes-supported K-Co-Mo catalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method combined with incipient wetness impregnation.The catalyst structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction,N₂ adsorption-desorption,transmission electron microscopy and H₂-TPD,and its catalytic performance toward the synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas was investigated.The as-prepared catalyst particles had a low crystallization degree and high dispersion on the outer and inner surface of CNTs.The uniform mesoporous structure of CNTs increased the diffusion rate of reactants and products,thus promoting the reaction conversion.Furthermore,the incorporation of CNTs support led to a high capability of hydrogen absorption and spillover and promoted the formation of alkyl group,which served as the key intermediate for the alcohol formation and carbon chain growth.Benefiting from these characteristics,the CNTs supported Mo-based catalyst showed the excellent catalytic performance for the higher alcohols synthesis as compared to the unsupported catalyst and activated carbon supported catalyst.     

Raman Spectra of Pyridine Adsorbed on Supported Molybdate Catalysts

Pyridine adsorption was used as a probe of the surface structure of supported molybdate and cobalt molybdate catalysts. The catalysts consisted of a γ-Al₂O₃ support which had been impregnated with various molybdenum loadings ranging from 1.25% to 15% (MoO₃). The Raman spectra of the catalyst and of the adsorbed pyridine indicated that a considerable portion of the alumina surface was not covered by molybdenum even after molybdenum trioxide was formed. Brnsted acid site and Lewis acid site adsorption were observed for low     

负载型催化剂上Mo含量的ICP-AES法测定

用氢氟酸对负载型Mo催化剂进行预处理,并用ICP-AES法测定了Mo的含量。方法中Mo元素的检出限为8.220 ng·mL-1,加标回收率为102.6%～104.3%,11次测定的RSD(n=11)小于0.860%。方法操作方便,分析速度快,结果准确。利用该法测定不同条件下制备的负载型Mo催化剂上Mo的含量,结果表明,负载型钼催化剂在制备过程中,活性组分钼都有一定量的流失。不同浸渍液浓度和焙烧温度所制备的催化剂,其活性组分Mo的流失量各不相同。     

Ultrathin‐Carbon‐Layer‐Protected PtCu Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon Capsules: A Structure Engineering of the Anode Electrocatalyst for Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells

Structure engineering is an effective strategy to enhance the performance of electrocatalysts for the formic acid oxidation reaction. However, it remains a challenge to prepare a highly active electrocatalyst based on a distinct understanding of its structure‐dependent performance. The design and synthesis of ultrathin‐carbon‐layer‐protected PtCu nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in a N‐doped carbon capsule (PtCu@NCC) is reported. This system is fabricated by using Zn‐based metal–organic frameworks as the carbon support source and metal‐containing tannic acid as the protecting shell template. It displays 9.8‐ and 9.6‐fold enhancements in mass activity and specific activity compared to commercial Pt/C. Moreover, a constructed direct formic acid fuel cell using PtCu@NCC as the anodic electrocatalyst delivers a maximum power density of 121 mW cm^?2. Significantly, PtCu@NCC exhibits superior structural stability and catalytic durability in both half‐cell and full‐cell tests. A mechanism study reveals that the enhanced activity is partially attributed to facilitated electro‐oxidation kinetics of formic acid in the unique structure of PtCu@NCC, while the excellent durability stems from the “protecting effect” of the in‐situ‐formed ultrathin carbon layer on the surface of the PtCu NPs. This work opens a new avenue for the development of high‐performance electrocatalysts for fuel‐cell applications by offering essential insights into the structure–performance relationship of the materials.     

γ-Al_2O_3表面担载钒物种的紫外拉曼光谱

本文采用常规的等体积浸渍法制备了不同担载量的V2 O5 γ -Al2 O3担载氧化物催化剂 ,在水气存在的条件下分别使用不同的激发波长得到了相应的可见拉曼光谱和紫外拉曼光谱。结果表明在表面钒物种微弱水合的情况下 ,3 2 5nm波长紫外激光激发的紫外拉曼光谱由于部分的共振拉曼效应 ,仍然可以灵敏的检测到表面钒物种配位结构随担载量增加而发生的变化。低担载时表面钒物种主要以孤立状态存在 ,随担载量增加逐渐向聚合态结构过渡 ,当担载量超过钒在载体表面的单层分散容量时形成体相V2 O5晶体覆盖表面钒物种造成拉曼信号的减弱 ,由此可以从另一个角度判断表面单层分散容量。     

Morphology Control of Platinum Nanoparticles and their Catalytic Properties

Platinum nanoparticles with different morphology were prepared by reduction of K₂PtCl₄ solution in the presence of different capping polymers. It was found that the shapes and the sizes of the Pt nanocrystals resulted were related to the kind of capping polymer used. When poly(vinylpyrrolidon) (PVP), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPA) and sodium poly(acrylate) (SPA) were used as capping agents, the dominant shapes of the Pt nanocrystals observed by transmission electron microscopy were hexagonal (62%), square (67%) and triangular (41%), respectively. The average sizes of Pt nanocrystals were 6.9, 13.6 and 14.6 nm for capping polymers of PVP, NIPA and SPA, respectively. The colloidal Pt nanoparticles with different morphologies were supported on -Al₂O₃ (1 wt.% Pt) and then their catalytic activity for NO reduction by CH₄ was tested in the 350–600°C temperature range. Additionally, the catalytic activities of these alumina-supported Pt nanocrystals were compared with a conventional catalyst having the average size of Pt particles of 2.4 nm. Over the alumina-supported Pt nanocrystals as compared with the conventional Pt/Al₂O₃, it was observed that the NO/CH₄ reaction yields to NH₃ and CO decreased significantly and on the other hand, the yield to N₂O increased. The experimental results are suggesting that the catalytic behavior can be tuned in a convenient way through the morphological control of the metal nanoparticles.     

活性炭负载对甲苯磺酸催化微波合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮

在微波辐射下,以活性炭负载对甲苯磺酸为非均相催化剂,不用溶剂,用环己酮和乙二醇为原料合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮。重点考察了酮醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、微波功率和辐射时间对产品收率的影响。实验结果表明,活性炭负载对甲苯磺酸有着良好的催化活性,当环己酮的加入量为0.2mol,n（环己酮）：n（乙二醇）=1：1.6,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的0.75%,微波功率450W,辐射时间4min时,缩酮收率可达76.7%,且催化剂重复使用6次仍保持较高活性。     

Catalytic Decomposition of Ammonia on Coatings Consisting of Organoboron and Platinum Nanoparticles

Comparative characteristics of catalytic activity of electroneutral and positively charged coatings consisting of organoboron nanoparticles with a composition (C₂B₁₀H₄)_n or platinum in ammonia decomposition have been obtained for the first time. The charge on the coatings was created by the supply of a positive voltage of +6 or +10 V. It has been found that, for the same mass of the coatings at 700 K and a pressure of 5 × 10^–7 Torr, the rate of ammonia decomposition on a coating consisting of organoboron nanoparticles is 28–43% of the rate of NH₃ decomposition on the coating consisting of platinum nanoparticles depending on the voltage supplied to the coatings.     

甲酸在铂钌电极上电催化氧化的原位SERS研究

采用循环伏安法和电化学原位表面增强拉曼光谱(in-situ SERS)技术研究了甲酸在铂钌电极上解离吸附与氧化行为。发现甲酸在铂钌电极上也能自发解离吸附。铂钌电极上CO的氧化峰电位与粗糙铂电极相比负移了180mV,把CO氧化完毕的电极电位亦负移了300 mV,从分子水平证实铂钌电极对甲酸电催化氧化的活性比纯铂电极更高。该研究结果表明,SERS技术可望拓展为研究电催化体系的有效工具。     

Influence of the Particle Morphology on the Activity of Nanometer Platinum Aerosol Catalysts

For nanoparticle agglomerates, the catalytic activity may depend strongly on their structure. The influence of different parameters such as agglomerate structure, primary particle temperature history and surface preconditioning on the catalytic activity of nanoparticles was investigated. The fraction of agglomerate surface contributing to the reaction depends on the agglomerate structure and on the velocity of the reaction under investigation. For extremely fast reactions such as the oxidation of hydrogen on Pt nanoparticles, only the outermost surface (exposed surface) contributes substantially to the formation of water. For the system investigated here, the inner surface not substantially contributing to the reaction accounted for at least 70% of the total particle surface as determined from oxygen presaturation experiments of the agglomerate surface. A considerable activity loss of the platinum particles was observed on preheating the nanoparticle agglomerates. The preheating leads to an increase in the nanoparticle size by an order of magnitude due to sintering. It is unclear if this activity reduction is due to changes in the particle surface state or to a real size effect of the nanoparticles.     

硫酸(氢)根吸附层对Pd(111)电极上甲酸氧化反应的影响研究

本文使用循环伏安法和电势阶跃法分别研究了添加和不添加Na₂SO₄的0.1 mol/LH₂SO₄+0.1 mol/LHCOOH溶液中Pd(111)电极上甲酸氧化反应(FAO)的动力学行为,并与同样条件下0.1 mol/LHClO₄中的动力学行为进行比较. 加入0.05 mol/L或者0.1 mol/LNa₂O₄后,在相同的电位下负向扫描的FAO电流比正向扫描的显著减小. 本文推测在(SO₄^*_ad)_m+[(H₂O)_n-H₃O⁺]或(SO₄^*_ad)_m+[Na⁺(H₂O)_n-H₃O⁺]吸附层相转变电势以正的电位, 这个吸附层的结构可能随着电位的增加或Na₂SO₄的加入变得更加致密和稳定. 因此,破坏或者脱附致密的硫酸(氢)根吸附层变得更加困难,使得FAO 动力学在较高电位和随后的负扫电位受到明显的抑制.     

Dry Powder Precursors of Cubic Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles (cubosomes)

Cubosomes are dispersed nanostructured particles of cubic phase liquid crystal that have stimulated significant research interest because of their potential for application in controlled-release and drug delivery. Despite the interest, cubosomes can be difficult to fabricate and stabilize with current methods. Most of the current work is limited to liquid phase processes involving high shear dispersion of bulk cubic liquid crystalline material into sub-micron particles, limiting application flexibility. In this work, two types of dry powder cubosome precursors are produced by spray-drying: (1) starch-encapsulated monoolein is produced by spray-drying a dispersion of cubic liquid crystalline particles in an aqueous starch solution and (2) dextran-encapsulated monoolein is produced by spray-drying an emulsion formed by the ethanol–dextran–monoolein–water system. The encapsulants are used to decrease powder cohesion during drying and to act as a soluble colloidal stabilizer upon hydration of the powders. Both powders are shown to form (on average) 0.6m colloidally-stable cubosomes upon addition to water. However, the starch powders have a broader particle size distribution than the dextran powders because of the relative ease of spraying emulsions versus dispersions. The developed processes enable the production of nanostructured cubosomes by end-users rather than just specialized researchers and allow tailoring of the surface state of the cubosomes for broader application.     

MAS NMR Strategies for the Characterization of Supported Molybdenum Catalysts

After recalling a few advances made by ¹H, ²⁹Si, and ²⁷Al on the understanding of hydro-desulfuration (HDS) molybdenum-based catalysts supported on amorphous oxides, we critically evaluate the potential of ⁹⁵Mo magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) for gaining further insight into the structure of uncalcined precursors and sulfided HDS catalysts. It is shown that when performed at a very high field (19.6 T), it is indeed sensitive to the nature of the molybdenum–support interaction. In particular, a wide distribution of the molybdenum environment present on the surface was evidenced. However, the possibility to characterize sulfided catalysts by ⁹⁵Mo MAS NMR appeared still an unmet challenge. Authors' address: Jean-Baptiste d'Espinose de Lacaillerie, PPMD, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75231, Cedex 05, France