基于低温辐射计的InGaAs陷阱探测器高精度光辐射定标研究

介绍了以InGaAs陷阱探测器作为传递探测器,基于低温辐射计的高精度光辐射定标和标准传递实验与研究。在红外(944-1589nm)三个波长初步给出了InGaAs陷阱探测器绝对光谱响应率定标结果。InGaAs陷阱探测器绝对光谱响应率的联合不确定最大为0.655%,最小为0.026%。     

低温辐射计紫外探测器光谱响应度测试技术研究北大核心CSCD

通过研制真空多光路切换组件,结合Y型真空比较通道、探测器真空舱,在保证超高真空环境的前提下,实现激光、紫外连续可调单色光以及真空紫外单色光3个光路的快速切换,从而以低温辐射计为基准,以紫外增强硅陷阱探测器为传递标准,实现波长115 nm~400 nm紫外探测器绝对光谱响应度的测量,实验验证绝对光谱响应度测量不确定度在115 nm~230 nm可达到0.8%~1.5%(k=2),在230 nm~400 nm可达到0.5%~1.0%(k=2)。     

溯源于低温绝对辐射计的太阳光谱辐照度仪定标方法研究

为了提高太阳直射光谱辐照度的观测精度,对使用棱镜分光的太阳光谱辐照度仪,在可见-近红外波段开展了基于标准探测器的辐射定标方法研究。建立了可调谐激光器-积分球的辐照度定标装置,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准辐照度探测器作为传递基准,通过替代法得到照度仪在可见-近红外10个波段的绝对光谱辐照度响应度,分析得到的合成定标不确定度优于0.95%。与溯源于中国计量院金点黑体的标准灯定标法进行了比对实验,两者的偏差在4.67%的范围内,证明了此辐射标准传递方法的合理性。     

紫外探测器的辐射定标及标准传递

针对定量化遥感的深入研究和探测器测量精度的提高,本文对紫外波段探测器的标定方法和标准的传递进行了研究。介绍了紫外探测器低温辐射计的工作原理、标准建立过程及发展现状,探讨了美国国家标准研究院（NIST）传递标准探测器的选取和标准传递过程。文中的研究为探测器定标方法的研究提供了理论基础,对提高标准探测器定标精度,促进其工程化应用具有借鉴意义。     

自动寻日的太阳辐照绝对辐射计

为了准确测量太阳总量辐射,研制了具备自动跟踪能力的太阳辐照绝对辐射计SIAR-3a.介绍了SIAR-3a的原理,提出了双轴太阳跟踪的控制方法.SIAR-3a采用电来标定待测量的太阳总量辐射,可以在测量太阳总量辐射的同时较为准确地跟踪太阳.标定实验中,SIAR-3a在3σ范围内的相对均方根误差是0.06%,已经标定到了保...     

双通道红外光谱辐射计的研制及标定

研制了一台双通道(1.40±0.02μm,4.50±0.03μm)光谱辐射亮度计(以下简称辐射计),并进行了光谱辐亮度定标[1]。该辐射计主要由前置光学系统、精密机械调制器、双路单元红外探测器、锁相放大器、A/D转换器和单片机等组成。在短波红外波段,由InGaAs探测器和积分球光源传递国家光谱辐照度标准灯的标准[15],对辐射计进行标定[7];在中波红外波段,用大面积标准黑体辐射源和腔型黑体辐射源,标定辐射计的光谱辐亮度。由数据统计分析,得出辐射计的光谱辐亮度响应度的不确定度[12,14]。     

自动寻日的太阳辐照绝对辐射计(英文)

为了准确测量太阳总量辐射,研制了具备自动跟踪能力的太阳辐照绝对辐射计SIAR-3a。介绍了SIAR-3a的原理,提出了双轴太阳跟踪的控制方法。SIAR-3a采用电来标定待测量的太阳总量辐射,可以在测量太阳总量辐射的同时较为准确地跟踪太阳。标定实验中,SIAR-3a在3σ范围内的相对均方根误差是0.06%,已经标定到了保存在瑞士达沃斯世界辐射中心的世界辐射基准。太阳辐照实验结果表明,SIAR-3a工作可靠,测量结果准确。     

Cryogenic radiometer based absolute spectral power responsivity calibration of integrating sphere radiometer to be used in power measurements at optical fiber communication wavelengths

This paper covers the absolute spectral power responsivity calibration of spectralon-coated Integrating Sphere Radiometer (ISR) equipped with 3 mm diameter InGaAs photodiode to be used as a transfer standard in fiber optic power measurements against Electrical Substitution Cryogenic Radiometer (ESCR) in Optics Laboratory of National Metrology Institute (TUBITAK UME) of Turkey. The initial uncertainty arising from the use of the Electrically Calibrated Pyroelectric Radiometer (ECPR) as a transfer standard in radiometric scale is 0.5% (k=2), which particularly comes from irregularity in the surface homogeneity of ECPR. In order to eliminate the ECPR step as well as its initial uncertainty contribution in fiber optic power measurements, the calibration application herein was carried out. Moreover power stabilization measurements of DFB laser sources at both 1309.1 nm and 1549.0 nm, the beam size determinations, and spectral analyses of these laser sources as well as spatial and angular dependence of spectral responsivities of the ISR were presented in this paper. The total expanded uncertainties were calculated as 0.283% and 0.315% in the determination of absolute spectral power responsivities of the ISR for 1309.1 nm and 1549.0 nm wavelengths respectively (k=2).     

硅陷阱探测器在350—1064 nm波段的绝对光谱响应度定标

介绍了利用钛宝石可调谐激光器、倍频器和单波长激光器作为光源,在24个波长分立点定标了三个硅陷阱探测器的绝对光谱响应度,解决了红外激光的精确定位与调整、窗口透过率模拟定标等关键技术.结果显示：在激光波长为412—800nm时,三个陷阱探测器定标的不确定度约低于0.05％;当激光波长大于800nm以及低于355nm时,获得的陷阱探测器的定标不确定度约低于0.065％.硅陷阱探测器可以作为空间各类遥感器在350—1064nm波段定标的传递标准探测器. 关键词： 陷阱探测器 低温辐射计 光谱响应度 辐射定标     

水流吸收型高能激光能量计溯源方法及其溯源体系研究

提出了一种利用电加热丝作为校准源的高能激光能量计校准方法,将水流从吸收腔前端导入至加热容器,在加热后流入吸收腔。通过精确计量水流吸收的热能并与能量计测量结果进行比较,达到对高能激光能量计校准的目的。研究表明校准系统的热交换模型与吸收腔内的热交换模型一致,均经历了储能和功率平衡两个阶段。水流及相变气体的散射效应对测量结果的影响较小,经过修正后可以忽略其影响。通过深入分析各个环节的测量不确定度表明,残留能量和流量变化对测量不确定度的影响最显著,增加水箱的容积可以有效降低残留能量对测量不确定度的影响。在对各个环节的影响修正后估算出系统的测量不确定度约为4.8%(k=2),被校高能激光能量计校准后的测量结果与其他类型的参考高能激光能量计进行比对,两者具有很好的一致性,修正因子仅为1.006,标准偏差为1.4%。     

Research on calibration method in lab of direct solar channels of Sun photometer

We develop a new calibration method in lab by measuring the absolute spectral irradiance responsivity of Sun photometer sun channel. The absolute power responsivity of Sun photometer is obtained when a white laser double monochromator system serve as a source, and a standard transfer detector calibrated against cryogenic absolute radiometer is assembled to measure the absolute power of laser beam. The effective area of aperture is measured through laser raster scanning method, and the relative spectral irradiance responsivity of the corresponding channel is obtained by using tungsten-halogen lamps double monoehromator system. On the basis of the above results, the top of the atmosphere responsive constants V0 （500, 675, and 870 nm） are obtained by integration with extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance data. Comparing the calibration results with that of CIMEL, France in November 2011, the relative differences are 4.38%, 2.23%, and 2.45%, respectively. The calibration uncertainty reaches to 2.048×10^-2, which shows a remarkable consistency with the Langley plot method. Further, our scheme can overcome the limits of space and atmospheric conditions which are only available at a high-altitude calibration site in particular date. The advantages lie in not only shortening the experiment period but also being of high precision. This new scheme definitely plays an important role in supporting the current and future sun photometry calibration activities which are significant to earth observation.     

Calibration chain design based on integrating sphere transfer radiometer for SI-traceable on-orbit spectral radiometric calibration and its uncertainty analysis

In order to satisfy the requirement of SI-traceable on-orbit absolute radiation calibration transfer with high accuracy for satellite remote sensors,a transfer chain consisting of a fiber coupling monochromator(FBM) and an integrating sphere transfer radiometer(ISTR) was designed in this paper.Depending on the Sun,this chain based on detectors provides precise spectral radiometric calibration and measurement to spectrometers in the reflective solar band(RSB) covering 300–2500 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 0.5–6 nm.It shortens the traditional chain based on lamp source and reduces the calibration uncertainty from 5% to 0.5% by using the cryogenic radiometer in space as a radiometric benchmark and trap detectors as secondary standard.This paper also gives a detailed uncertainty budget with reasonable distribution of each impact factor,including the weak spectral signal measurement with uncertainty of 0.28%.According to the peculiar design and comprehensive uncertainty analysis,it illustrates that the spectral radiance measurement uncertainty of the ISTR system can reach to 0.48%.The result satisfies the requirements of SI-traceable on-orbit calibration and has wider significance for expanding the application of the remote sensing data with high-quality.     

穿透型V形坑对GaN基p-i-n结构紫外探测器反向漏电的影响

研究了GaN基p-i-n（p-AlGaN/i-GaN/n-GaN）结构紫外探测器的漏电机理．实验发现,在位错密度几乎相同的情况下,基于表面有较高密度的V形坑缺陷材料制备的器件表现出较高的反向漏电．进一步的SEM测试发现,这种V形坑穿透到有源区i-GaN、甚至n-GaN层．在制备p-AlGaN电极时,许多金属会落在V形坑中,从而与i-GaN形成了肖特基接触,有些甚至直接和n-GaN形成欧姆接触．正是由于并联的肖特基接触和欧姆接触的存在导致了漏电的增加． 关键词： GaN 紫外探测器 V形坑 反向漏电     

Development of the liquid level meters for the PandaX dark matter detector

The two-phase xenon detector is at the frontier of dark matter direct search. This kind of detector uses liquid xenon as the sensitive target and is operated in two-phase （liquid/gas） mode, where the liquid level needs to be monitored and controlled in sub-millimeter precision. In this paper, we present a detailed design and study of two kinds of level meters for the PandaX dark matter detector. The long level meter is used to monitor the overall liquid level while short level meters are used to monitor the inclination of the detector. These level meters are cylindrical capacitors that are custom-made from two concentric metal tubes. Their capacitance values are read out by a universal transducer interface chip and are recorded by the PandaX slow control system. We present the developments that lead to level meters with long-term stability and sub-millimeter precision. Fluctuations （standard deviations） of less than 0.02 mm for the short level meters and less than 0.2 mm for the long level meter were achieved during a few days of test operation.     

Development of the liquid level meters for the PandaX dark matter detector

The two-phase xenon detector is at the frontier of dark matter direct search. This kind of detector uses liquid xenon as the sensitive target and is operated in two-phase (liquid/gas) mode, where the liquid level needs to be monitored and controlled in sub-millimeter precision. In this paper, we present a detailed design and study of two kinds of level meters for the PandaX dark matter detector. The long level meter is used to monitor the overall liquid level while short level meters are used to monitor the inclination of the detector. These level meters are cylindrical capacitors that are custom-made from two concentric metal tubes. Their capacitance values are read out by a universal transducer interface chip and are recorded by the PandaX slow control system. We present the developments that lead to level meters with long-term stability and sub-millimeter precision. Fluctuations (standard deviations) of less than 0.02 mm for the short level meters and less than 0.2 mm for the long level meter were achieved during a few days of test operation.     

Error analysis and optimal design of polarization calibration unit for solar telescope

Polarization calibration unit(PCU) has become an indispensable element for solar telescopes to remove the instrumental polarization; the polarimetric accuracy of calibration depends strongly on the properties of PCU. In the paper, we analyze the measurement errors induced by PCU based on polarized light theory and find that the imperfections of the waveplate generate the main calibration errors. An optimized calibration method is proposed to avoid the effects from waveplate imperfections, and a numerical simulation is given to evaluate the polarization accuracy by analyzing the relation between calibration error and intensity instability. The work is very important for solar telescopes with high polarization precision up to 10~(-4) I_c.     

基于对数检波器的峰值功率计研制

针对北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程(BEPCII)直线加速器的实际情况和具体需求,为了提高峰值功率计测量精度、进一步降低反射保护报警响应时间并提供实时波形检测手段,对基于集成电路的射频检波芯片进行了调研,研制了一种基于对数检波器、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、高速模数转换器(ADC)的新型峰值功率计。通过对不同工作频率下的多点校准,建立分段传递函数,实现功率计校准工作。对功率计样机进行了系统测试,实现了实验室功率测量误差±0.2 dB,BEPCII在线测试的反射保护响应时间2 μs的成绩,功率计已稳定上线运行一段时间。此外,新型峰值功率计具有宽线性动态范围、反射保护报警、内置双通道检波器、用户和工程师双界面、实时波形显示、波形任一点功率测量等特点。     

Development of ZnTe film with high copper doping efficiency for solar cells

Since a hole barrier was formed in back contact due to mismatch of work function, the back contact material for CdTe cell has been a significant research direction. The ZnTe:Cu is an ideal back contact material, which reduces the valence band discontinuity and can be used as the electron back reflection layer to inhibit interface recombination. The conductivity of ZnTe:Cu film is improved by applying RF-coupled DC sputtering and post-deposition heat treatment. The doping efficiency is computed as the ratio of free hole density and copper concentration, which can be correlated with performance for CdTe-based solar cell. The higher doping efficiency means that more copper atoms substitute for Zn sites in ZnTe lattices and less mobilized copper atoms remain which can enter into the CdTe absorber layer. Copper atoms are suspected as dominant element for CdTe-based cell degradation. After optimizing the ZnTe:Cu films, a systematic study is carried out to incorporate ZnTe:Cu film into CdTe solar cell. The EQE spectrum is kept relatively stable over the long wavelength range without decreasing. It is proved that the conduction band barrier of device with ZnTe:Cu/Au contact material has an effect on the EQE response, which works as free electron barrier and reduces the recombination rate of free carrier. According to the dark J—V data or the light J—V data in the linear region, the current indicates that the intercept gives the diode reverse saturation current. The results of ideality factor indicate that the dominant recombination occurs in the space charge region. In addition, the space charge density and depletion width of solar cell can be estimated by C—V profiling.     

用于高压电能表的新型电源管理单元设计

新型高压电能表具有计量精度高、低功耗、信息化、智能化等优点,获得了越来越多的应用。论文对新型电能表计量装置的供电需求进行了探讨,在此基础上设计了一基于感应电流取能的新型电源管理单元,在稳压器输入端增加了电能智能存储功能,确保在极端工作条件下,电能表仍具有计量、数据存储、无线抄收等功能,避免了因利用该技术出现断电及断电重启时刻导致的计量损失。测试结果表明,电源管理单元能够确保电能表在极端情况下稳定工作4.5小时。     

瞬态热量标定系统的太阳模拟器光学系统设计

设计了一种应用于瞬时热量标定系统的太阳模拟器光学系统,系统由短弧氙灯、椭球聚光镜和通道反射式积分器组成。介绍了椭球聚光镜的设计准则和限制要求,分析了积分器的工作原理和体均匀性,讨论了辐照面大小要求和安装空间的限制,最后,优化了系统设计并进行了仿真模拟。仿真结果表明,当选用近轴收大倍率为4．5、积分器管长为85mm时,若采用7000w氙灯,即能够获得3％的均匀性和4250食太阳常数的辐账“瞍;若采用5000W氙灯,则可在均匀性不变的情况下获得2980个太阳常数的辐照强度,两者均满足使用要求。