高温空气燃烧NOx排放特性的试验研究

通过两种结构烧嘴的热态燃烧试验对比,研究了烧嘴结构、燃气射流速度、过量空气系数对高温空气燃烧过程氮氧化物排放的影响特性。研究结果认为:在燃气喷口两侧布置两个矩形空气喷口的烧嘴,氮氧化物排放量低于圆形空气喷口烧嘴;随着燃气射流速度的提高,高温空气燃烧过程排放的氮氧化物逐渐减少。与普通燃烧过程不同的是,随着过量空气系数的提高,在一定范围内高温空气燃烧的氮氧化物排放量不断增加。分析认为,高温空气燃烧氮氧化物排放量与火焰体积、炉内氧气与燃气混合过程以及燃气射流和空气射流对炉内烟气的卷吸量有关。     

分离式燃尽风降低锅炉NOx排放的试验研究

为了降低410t/h电站煤粉锅炉的NOx排放,在实炉上进行了热态试验,在最上层二次风喷口的上方装设了分离式燃尽风(SOFA)喷口.试验结果表明,投入分离式燃尽风SOFA后,炉内形成了良好的空气分级燃烧工况,显著降低了NOx的排放浓度,最高降低了43.4%.二次风缩腰型配风方式相较于宝塔型配风方式,更有利于降低NOx排放...     

内部烟气再循环式小型天然气炉内NOx排放的研究

本文采用实验和数值模拟方法对内部烟气再循环式小型天然气炉内氮氧化物的排放进行了研究.探讨了炉膛中加装的一种中心圆筒结构对炉内烟气再循环流动及NOx排放的影响.研究结果表明,中心圆筒的存在可以使氮氧化物的排放有所降低.与不加装中心圆筒的工况相比,加装中心圆筒后炉内NOx的排放随过晕空气系数的变化较弱.炉内加装中心圆筒后,烟道入口处的温度降低,这表明中心圆筒的存在强化了炉壁的散热,从而降低了排烟温度.     

存在空气卷吸时等离子体射流光谱诊断应做的修正

采用一套高精度多谱线的等离子光谱诊断系统来同时探测等离子体射流中两条谱线的强度。通过谱线绝对强度法 ,获得了直接流入空气的氩等离子体射流在考虑卷吸和不考虑卷吸时两种不同的温度分布和卷吸空气的浓度分布。两种情况下所获得的温度分布的对比 ,说明等离子射流中的空气卷吸现象对光谱诊断的结果有可观的影响。忽略所卷吸的空气会对绝对强度法的温度诊断带来误差 ,尤其在远离喷口的区域 ,这种误差是很明显的。     

2955t/h超超临界塔式炉炉膛传热与燃烧的数值模拟

通过数值模拟对2955 t/h超超临界塔式炉炉膛内燃烧过程进行研究,给出了炉内流场、温度场的分布规律以及NOx排放的影响规律.结果表明,采用同心切圆燃烧方式、CCOFA风和SOFA风对燃烧区域过量空气系数的多级控制,实现了炉膛出口烟温偏差小、NOx的排放量低的要求,数值模拟与试验数据相比,两者基本吻合.     

O2/CO2循环燃烧中NOx的中试实验研究

O2/CO2 循环燃烧技术不仅便于回收烟气中 CO2,还能大幅度减少 SO2 和 NOx 排放.在国内第一台中试规模O2/CO2 循环燃烧台架上,对炉膛内部不同燃烧区域和尾部烟气的 NOx 排放进行研究.结果表明,本实验台架燃烧一段是 NOx 排放的重点提升区,Air 气氛下 NOx 浓度上升了 109.7%,在 O2/CO2 和 O2/RFG 气氛下 NOx 浓度没有明显增加,分别上升 23.2% 和 21.6%,燃烧二段 NOx 浓度基本没发生变化.尾部烟气中,与 Air 工况相比,O2/CO2 循环燃烧工况下脱硝率为 83.41%,另外喷钙对 NOx 的脱除也有不同程度的提升.     

分级燃烧时NO_x排放特性的数值研究

1前言NOx是NO煤粉燃烧产生的主要污染物之一，对大气环境的危害十分严重。目前，在降低NO。排放方面，可发展的主要技术有分级燃烧（包括空气分级和燃料分级）、喷氨脱硝、烟气再循环法等。其中，分级燃烧是通过调整燃烧工况来达到低NO。生成量的一种炉内控制技术，一般只需改进燃烧器即可达到，宜优先发展。目前，很多学者在特定的实验条件下对分级燃烧进行了不同角度、不同侧重点的研究，但由于污染物生成机理的复杂性以及燃烧过程化学反应的快速性，对NOx生成的实验研究具有一定的局限性。因此，本文从化学反应动力学的角度，对分级…     

煤粉再燃对600 MW锅炉NOx排放的影响

在国内某台燃用褐煤的600 MW机组锅炉上进行了煤粉再燃技术示范并进行了工业试验.机组在600 MW负荷下运行时,NOx排放可控制在274 mg/m3(烟气中氧量折算到6%,下同)的水平,比改造前下降了65.36%,同时燃烧效率没有降低.进行了常规通风、空气分级和煤粉再燃三个工况下的试验,结果表明,煤粉再燃对NOx的控制效果最好,其次为空气分级.再燃煤粉比例对NOx排放也有明显的影响,在试验条件下,随着再燃燃料比例的增加,NOx排放呈降低趋势.     

MILD燃烧PSR网络模型的建立与应用

本文基于PSR(Perfectly StirredReactor)开发了一种适用于模拟气体燃料MILD(Moderate and Intense Low-oxygen Diluttion)燃烧的化学反应动力学网络模型。该模型使用多个PSR串联,模拟了燃炉内天然气MILD燃烧的预热、烟气卷吸和燃烧过程。本文同时考虑了炉体散热和烟气卷吸量等因素,建立适用于气体燃料MILD燃烧的PSRN模型。研究表明,所建立的PSRN模型能够有效模拟气体MILD燃烧的温度、二氧化碳浓度等结果。此外,该模型能够准确模拟出N_2和CO_2稀释下燃气的MILD燃烧过程,说明了该PSRN模型具有普适性。     

超细煤粉分级燃烧中NOx还原规律的研究

煤粉再燃技术脱氮效率高而运行费用低,是最行之有效的低NOx燃烧技术之一.通过模拟计算与试验方法,对一维热态煤粉炉内超细煤粉分级燃烧NOx的还原规律进行了研究.研究结果表明再燃燃料越细,对NOx的还原作用越强,最佳再燃燃料粒度为20μm;在相同NOx还原率的情况下,随着再燃燃料粒度的减小,需要的再燃燃料比例减小,再燃区停留时间缩短.以超细煤粉作为再燃燃料不仅使燃烧效率提高,而且对NOx的还原效率也相应提高,达70%左右.     

造纸污泥流化床焚烧试验研究

在一座密相床截面积为 ０．２３ ｍ×０．２３ｍ、高度为 ５ｍ的流化床燃烧试验装置上进行了造纸污泥的焚烧试验．探明污泥水分、流化速度、二次风份额和过剩空气系数等参数对污泥燃烧性能的影响规律,为高水分造纸污泥焚烧炉的优化设计提供了依据．测试表明,在不添加脱硫剂情况下焚烧烟气中ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ和Ｎ２Ｏ的排放浓度完全满足国家排放标准．     

废气进口位置对汽油机性能和NOx排放影响的研究

为同时兼顾排放性、经济性和动力性,提高汽油机废气再循环率,提出改变EGR进气方式,将EGR废气通过管路直接通到进气门处的方案。在一台四气门汽油机上对进气门处单侧通废气与中央通废气的方式进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,与中央进气方式的EGR相比,单侧EGR进气方式在降低同样NOx的排放的情况下,具有更高的燃油经济性、动力性和EGR率。另外,单侧EGR不必降低EGR进气温度,即能获得较较好的发动机性能。     

Realization of oxyfuel combustion for near zero emission power generation

Oxyfuel combustion is one of the promising carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies for coal-fired boilers. In oxyfuel combustion, combustion gas is oxygen and recirculating flue gas (FGR) and main component of combustion gas is O₂, CO₂ and H₂O rather than O₂, N₂ in air combustion. Fundamental researches showed that flame temperature and flame propagation velocity of pulverized cloud in oxyfuel combustion are lower than that in air with the same O₂ concentration due to higher heat capacity of CO₂. IHI pilot combustion test showed that stable burner combustion was obtained over 30% O₂ in secondary combustion gas and the same furnace heat transfer as that of air firing at 27% O₂ in overall combustion gas. Compared to emissions in air combustion, NOx emission per unit combustion energy decreased to 1/3 due to reducing NOx in the FGR, and SO_x emission was 30% lower. However SO_x concentration in the furnace for the oxyfuel mode was three to four times greater than for the air mode due to lower flow rate of exhaust gas. The higher SO₃ concentration results that the sulphuric acid dew point increases 15–20 °C compared to the air combustion. These results confirmed the oxyfuel pulverized coal combustion is reliable and promising technology for coal firing power plant for CCS.In 2008, based on R&D and a feasibility study of commercial plants, the Callide Oxyfuel Project was started in order to demonstrate entire oxyfuel CCS power plant system for the first time in the world. The general scope and progress of the project are introduced here. Finally, challenges for present and next generation oxyfuel combustion power plant technologies are addressed.     

Effect of products of low temperature oxidation reaction on NOx reduction in HC-SCR system

Fuel reforming technology using a low temperature oxidation reaction was applied to improvement of NOx reduction efficiency of hydrocarbons selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) system, which does not require urea. The low temperature oxidation reaction of hydrocarbons produces oxygenated hydrocarbons which has high NOx reduction ability such as aldehydes. A pre-evaporation and premixing-type fuel reformer was developed in order to generate uniform fuel/air premixed gas. To prevent from hot-flame ignition, the reaction chamber of the fuel reformer has a high surface/volume ratio and the wall temperature of the reaction chamber was controlled. As a fundamental study, NOx reduction experiments and elementary reaction calculation were carried out to investigate the suitable fuel reformer temperature and reforming equivalence ratio for the promotion of NOx reduction on the surface of the catalyst. It was found that the reforming fuel gas has a higher NOx reduction efficiency than the fuel vapor in the catalyst temperature range from 473 to 773 K. The NOx reduction efficiency was highest at the reforming temperature of 673 K. The NOx reduction efficiency at the catalyst temperature of 723 K increases with the increase in the reforming equivalence ratio. It was suggested that alcohols predominantly affect NOx reduction reaction at low catalyst temperatures, and aldehydes at high catalyst temperatures.     

Characteristics and structure of inverse flames of natural gas

Characteristics and structure of nominally non-premixed flames of natural gas are investigated using a burner that employs simultaneously two distinct features: fuel and oxidiser direct injection, and inverse fuel and oxidiser delivery. At low exit velocities, the result is an inverse diffusion flame that has been noted in the past for its low NO_x emissions, soot luminosity, and narrow stability limits. The present study aimed at extending the burner operating range, and it demonstrated that the inverse flame exhibits a varying degree of partial premixing dependent on the discharge nozzle conditions and the ratio of inner air jet and outer fuel jet velocities. These two variables affect the flame length, temperature distributions, and stability limits. Temperature measurements and Schlieren visualisation show areas of enhanced turbulent mixing in the shear region and the presence of a well-mixed reaction zone on the flame centreline. This reaction zone is enveloped by an outer diffusion flame, yielding a unique double-flame structure. As the fuel–air equivalence ratio is decreasing with an increase in the inner jet velocity, the well-mixed reaction zone extends considerably. These findings suggest a method for establishing a flame of uniform high temperature by optimising the coaxial nozzle geometry and flow conditions. The normalised flame length is decreasing exponentially with the air/fuel velocity ratio. Measurements demonstrate that the inverse flame stability limits change qualitatively with varying degree of partial premixing. At the low premixing level, the flame blow-out is a function of the inner and outer jet velocities and the nozzle conditions. The flame blow-out at high degree of partial premixing occurs abruptly at a single value of the inner air jet velocity, regardless of the fuel jet velocity and almost independent of the discharge nozzle conditions.     

Critical conditions at liftoff limit of a laminar n-butane-air jet diffusion flame

The stability mechanism of laminar coflow jet diffusion flames in normal gravity has been studied computationally and experimentally. N-butane, the heaviest alkane in a gaseous state at ambient temperature and pressure, is used as the fuel since the reaction mechanism is similar to that of higher (liquid) hydrocarbons. The critical mean n-butane jet and coflowing air velocities at flame stability limits are measured using a small fuel tube burner (0.8 mm inner diameter). The time-dependent, axisymmetric numerical code with a detailed reaction mechanism (58 species and 540 reactions), molecular diffusive transport, and a radiation model, reveals a flame structure. A fuel-lean peak reactivity spot (i.e., reaction kernel), possessing the hybrid nature of diffusion-premixed flame structure at a constant temperature of ≈1560 K, is formed at the flame base and controls the flame stability. In a near-quiescent environment, the flame base resides below the fuel tube exit plane and thereby premixing is limited. As the coflowing air velocity is increased incrementally under a fixed fuel jet velocity, the flame base moves slightly above (≈1 mm) the burner exit and vigorous premixed combustion becomes prevailing. The local heat-release rate at the reaction kernel nearly doubles due to the increased convective oxygen flux (i.e., a blowing effect). The local Damköhler number, newly defined as a ratio of the square root of the local heat-release rate and the local velocity, decreases gradually first and drops abruptly at a critical threshold value and the flame base lifts off from the burner rim. The calculated coflow air velocity at liftoff is ≈0.38 m/s at the fuel jet velocity of 2 m/s, which is consistent with an extrapolated measured value of 0.41 m/s. This work has determined the critical Damköhler number at the stability limit quantitatively, for the first time, for laminar jet diffusion flames.     

Towards the development of an efficient low-NOx ammonia combustor for a micro gas turbine

Recent studies have demonstrated stable generation of power from pure ammonia combustion in a micro gas turbine (MGT) with a high combustion efficiency, thus overcoming some of the challenges that discouraged such applications of ammonia in the past. However, achievement of low NOx emission from ammonia combustors remains an important challenge. In this study, combustion techniques and combustor design for efficient combustion and low NOx emission from an ammonia MGT swirl combustor are proposed. The effects of fuel injection angle, combustor inlet temperature, equivalence ratio, and ambient pressure on flame stabilization and emissions were investigated in a laboratory high pressure combustion chamber. An FTIR gas analyser was employed in analysing the exhaust gases. Numerical modeling using OpenFOAM was done to better understand the dependence of NO emissions on the equivalence ratio. The result show that inclined fuel injection as opposed to vertical injection along the combustor central axis resulted to improved flame stability, and lower NH₃ and NOx emissions. Numerical and experimental results showed that a control of the equivalence ratio upstream of the combustor is critical for low NOx emission in a rich-lean ammonia combustor. NO emission had a minimum value at an upstream equivalence ratio of 1.10 in the experiments. Furthermore, NO emission was found to decrease with ambient pressure, especially for premixed combustion. For the rich-lean combustion strategy employed in this study, lower NOx emission was recorded in premixed combustion than in non-premixed combustion indicating the importance of mixture uniformity for low NOx emission from ammonia combustion. A prototype liner developed to enhance the control and uniformity of the equivalence ratio upstream of the combustor further improved ammonia combustion. With the proposed liner design, NOx emission of 42?ppmv and ammonia combustion efficiency of 99.5% were achieved at 0.3?MPa for fuel input power of 31.44?kW.     

Computation of NO x emission of a methane - air diffusion flame in a two-dimensional laminar jet with detailed chemistry

NOx formation from a methane - air diffusion flame in a two-dimensional jet involving highly preheated air, which has recently become an important topic in industrial furnaces, is investigated numerically using a full chemistry approach including C2, prompt and thermal mechanisms. Effects of increased air temperature on NOx formation are examined. Numerical results show that both NO formation mechanisms increase dramatically with increasing air temperature. A C-shaped production zone of NOx, corresponding to the fuel-lean and fuel-rich regions of triple flame, is identified. It is shown that NO formation with high air temperature can be suppressed efficiently by decreasing the oxygen concentration in the airstream. Production rate analyses of elementary reactions are made. Formation paths of NOx at low and high temperatures are obtained and compared. The results show that the NOx formation path depends strongly on the air temperature. In addition to the thermal route and the HCNNO route, the HCNCN and NOCN recycling routes are greatly enhanced at high air temperature. The results show that the prompt mechanism and the thermal mechanism are strongly coupled at high air temperature. Calculations of prompt NO and thermal NO in a two-dimensional jet and in the counterflow configuration reveal that the conventional method cannot give a correct prediction of prompt NO and thermal NO, particularly at high air temperature. A method using the concept of fixed nitrogen is presented. Numerical results indicate that the formation process of prompt NO and thermal NO can be evaluated properly by the present method.     

Gas jet as a waveguide for air-coupled ultrasound

The directional characteristics of an ultrasonic signal have been studied during propagation within an axial gas jet. The effects of nozzle shape, nozzle diameter, and variations in jet velocity, temperature and gas composition have been investigated. At high flow velocities of an air jet, divergence of the ultrasonic beam was observed. This was attributed to the effects of refraction, caused by increased acoustic velocities in the direction of the flow. An effective waveguide was also demonstrated by cooling the air jet to below ambient temperatures, so that the acoustic velocity in the air jet was lower than that in the surrounding atmosphere. This could also be achieved by using carbon dioxide mixed with air, whereas the use of helium led to increased divergence. The result is likely to be of use in air-coupled ultrasonic materials inspection.