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Beyond labels: A review of the application of quantum dots as integrated components of assays, bioprobes, and biosensors utilizing optical transduction |
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| Authors: | W Russ Algar |
| Institution: | Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada |
| Abstract: | A comprehensive review of the development of assays, bioprobes, and biosensors using quantum dots (QDs) as integrated components is presented. In contrast to a QD that is selectively introduced as a label, an integrated QD is one that is present in a system throughout a bioanalysis, and simultaneously has a role in transduction and as a scaffold for biorecognition. Through a diverse array of coatings and bioconjugation strategies, it is possible to use QDs as a scaffold for biorecognition events. The modulation of QD luminescence provides the opportunity for the transduction of these events via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), charge transfer quenching, and electrochemiluminescence (ECL). An overview of the basic concepts and principles underlying the use of QDs with each of these transduction methods is provided, along with many examples of their application in biological sensing. The latter include: the detection of small molecules using enzyme-linked methods, or using aptamers as affinity probes; the detection of proteins via immunoassays or aptamers; nucleic acid hybridization assays; and assays for protease or nuclease activity. Strategies for multiplexed detection are highlighted among these examples. Although the majority of developments to date have been in vitro, QD-based methods for ex vivo biological sensing are emerging. Some special attention is given to the development of solid-phase assays, which offer certain advantages over their solution-phase counterparts. |
| Keywords: | A647 Alexa Fluor 647 APTES aminopropyltriethoxysilane ATP adenosine triphosphate Au NPs gold nanoparticles β-CD β-cyclodextrin BRET bioluminescence resonance energy transfer BSA bovine serum albumin CB conduction band CNTs carbon nanotubes ConA concanavalin A CRET chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer CT charge transfer cTnI human cardiac troponin I DHLA dihydrolipoic acid ECL electrochemiluminescence EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay EPR electron paramagnetic resonance ER-β estrogen receptor β GSH glutathione GOX glucose oxidase HIV human immunodeficiency virus FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer FWHM full-width-at-half-maximum PB Pacific Blue PCR polymerase chain reaction PDDA poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) PEG polyethylene glycol PET photoinduced electron transfer PIGE paraffin impregnated graphite electrode PL photoluminescence L-Cys l-cysteine" target="_blank">l-cysteine LOD limit of detection MAA mercaptoacetic acid MBP maltose binding protein MB molecular beacon MPA mercaptopropionic acid MMP matrix metalloproteinase MSP methylation specific polymerase chain reaction NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide xQDw quantum dot (peak PL at w nm first exciton peak at x nm) RhR Rhodamine Red Rluc Renilla luciferase RRE rev responsive element SA Streptavidin SCE standard calomel electrode SMD single molecule detection SNP single nucleotide polymorphism TAMRA carboxytetramethylrhodamine TBA thrombin binding aptamer VB valence band |
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