A module of a TiO2 nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell with effective dimensions

As dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have advanced to large-scale applications from lab-level research, the large-scale performance has attracted much attention. Modules of DSSCs with size up to 10 cm × 15 cm have been investigated to optimize the efficiency for effective application. Essentially, these modules have an extended structure with lab-scale works with the exception of the dimensions and methods for the series connection. The 10 cm × 10 cm modules have shown an efficiency of 6.3% without a scattering layer and over 6.6% with a scattering layer. While the fill factors of modules depend on the width of each TiO₂ unit cell, they are much less dependent on the lengths of the unit cells.