Microchip extraction of catecholamines using a boronic acid functional affinity monolith |
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Authors: | Cakal Cafer Ferrance Jerome P Landers James P Caglar Perihan |
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Institution: | aDepartment of NanoEngineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA;bDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810, USA |
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Abstract: | We report on the development of a rapid enzyme logic gate-based electrochemical assay for the assessment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The concept harnesses a biocatalytic cascade that emulates the functionality of a Boolean NAND gate in order to process relevant physiological parameters in the biochemical domain. The enzymatic backbone ensures that a high-fidelity diagnosis of traumatic brain injury can be tendered in a rapid fashion when the concentrations of key serum-based biomarkers reach pathological levels. The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase were used here as clinically-relevant input TBI biomarkers, in connection to the low-potential detection of the NADH product in the presence of methylene green at a glassy carbon electrode. A systematic optimization of the gate and the entire protocol has resulted in the effective discrimination between the physiological and pathological logic levels. Owing to its robust design, the enzyme-based logic gate mitigates potential interferences from both physiological and electroactive sources and is able to perform direct measurements in human serum samples. Granted further detailed clinical validation, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential of the electrochemical assay to aid in the rapid and decentralized diagnosis of TBI. |
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Keywords: | Glutamate Lactate dehydrogenase Traumatic brain injury Assay Electrochemical sensor Amperometry |
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