Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of persistent organic pollutants |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;2. Center for Multi-Omics Research, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China;1. Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan;2. Waters Corporation, Koike Building 5, Kitashinagawa 1-3-12, Shinagawa, Tokyo 140-0001, Japan;1. MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden;2. RECETOX Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;1. Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain;2. RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain;2. Laboratory of Dioxins, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain;1. Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Moncada-Naquera Road, Km 4.5, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain;2. CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain;3. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Ryadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;4. IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain;1. Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Lejupes Iela 3, Riga, LV, 1076, Latvia;2. University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 1, Riga, LV, 1004, Latvia |
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| Abstract: | Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was primarily applied as the ion source for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). While APCI started to be used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in 1970s, GC-APCI-MS was not widely used until recently. As a soft ionization technique, APCI provides highly diagnostic molecular ions, which is favored for the wide-scope screening. With the capability of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), GC-APCI-MS methods with high sensitivity and selectivity have been developed and applied in the analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environment and biological samples at trace levels. The present review introduces the history of the APCI source, with emphasis on mechanisms of ionization processes under the positive and negative ionization modes. Comparison between GC-APCI-MS and GC–MS with traditional electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) are provided and discussed for selectivity, sensitivity and stability for the analyses of POPs. Previous studies found that the GC-APCI-MS methods provided limits of detection (LODs) around 10–100 times lower than other methods. An overview of GC-APCI-MS applications is given with the discussions on the advantages and drawbacks of various analytical methods applied for the analyses of POPs. |
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| Keywords: | Persistent organic pollutants Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Review Environmental pollutants |
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