湖北随州曾侯乙墓出土玉器材质分析与产源初探

曾侯乙墓位于湖北省随州市郊，是二十世纪重大考古发现之一，其中出土玉石器数量达五百余件，且种类齐全、工艺精湛。利用现代测试仪器对这批玉石器进行全面而科学的鉴定，对于东周时期曾国用玉水平的研究具有重要的学术意义。为了探知曾侯乙墓出土玉器的玉料类型及透闪石玉料可能来源地，以其中的319件玉器为研究对象，采用宝石学与光谱学的研究思路和方法对这些样品进行无损测试。通过十倍放大镜及天平等常规宝石学检测仪器对样品的表面特征、受沁程度及种类做出初步判断，利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）和X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）快速、无损的分析出土玉器样品的矿物相及化学成分。研究结果表明，常规仪器测试结合红外光谱及X射线荧光光谱可以很好的区分出土玉器的材质，在曾侯乙墓出土的319件玉器中，有264件透闪石质玉器，43件大理岩石璧、8件云母质玉器、1件石英岩、1件萤石以及2件水晶环。XRF测试结果显示，透闪石炙玉占全部检测样品的82.8%，其主要化学成分为MgO约占20.03%～27.00%（平均值为24.46%）, SiO₂约56.31%～61.17%（平均值为58.99%）, CaO约14.25%～19.91%（平均值为15.42%）, Fe_TO约0.19%～2.06%（平均值为0.551%），计算可知m（Mg）/m（Mg+Fe）的值在0.91~0.99之间，其测试结果范围与标准透闪石含量很接近，该批样品中未检测出阳起石质的软玉。其中，大部分优质透闪石质玉器均出土自主墓室，反映出当时人们的用玉水平及用玉习惯。根据已有研究结果，结合化学成分分析及部分具有特征风化皮层及戈壁料特征的样品，推测曾侯乙墓部分出土玉器的玉料来源于甘肃古玉矿。该结论为进一步研究曾国用玉制度和战国时期玉石之路提供了更多的研究资料。

Analysis of Material and Source of Archaic Jade From the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng in Suizhou,Hubei Province

Located on the outskirts of Suizhou City,Hubei Province,the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng state is one of the major archaeological discoveries of the 20th century,among which more than 500 pieces of jade and stone tools have been unearthed.The comprehensive and scientific identification of these jade and stone tools with modern testing instruments will be of great academic significance for studying the level of jade used in Zeng during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.In order to obtain the types and possible sources of archaic jade,this paper takes 319 jade articles as the research objects and adopts the research ideas and methods of gemology and spectroscopy to carry out non-destructive tests on these samples.The surface characteristics,erosion degree and types of samples were preliminarily judged by conventional gemological detection instruments such as tenfold magnifying glass and electronic balance.Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR)and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF)were used to analyze the mineral phase and chemical composition of unearthed jade samples quickly and nondestructive.The results show that the materials of unearthed jade can be well distinguished by conventional instrument test combined with infrared spectrum and X-ray fluorescence spectrum.Among the 319 jade articles unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng,there are 264 tremolite,43 marble,8 mica,1 quartzite,1 fluorite and 2 crystal.XRF test results showed that tremolite accounted for 82.8%of all samples,and its main chemical composition ranged from MgO=20.03%~27.00%,SiO₂=56.31%~61.17%,CaO=14.25%~19.91%,Fe TO=0.19%~2.06%,and the calculated value of m(Mg)/m(Mg+Fe)ranged from 0.91~0.99.It can be seen that tremolite jade is the main material of archaic jade from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng.Among them,most of the high-quality tremolite jades were unearthed in independent tombs,reflecting people’s level of using jade and their habits of using it at that time.According to the current research results,combined with the chemical composition analysis and some samples with characteristic weathering cortex and gobi material characteristics,it is speculated that part of archaic jade came from the ancient jade mine of Gansu province.The conclusion of this paper provides more data for further study on the jade system of Zeng state and the Jade Road in the Warring States period.