属间远缘杂交水稻耐旱性生理特性的比较研究

采用在ＹＯＳＨＩＤＡ水稻专用培养营养液中添加一定量的ＰＥＧ ６０００的方法，比较研究了模拟干旱胁迫条件下属间远缘杂交新型水稻品种“远诱１号”（Ｙ）及其水稻亲本“圭６３０”（Ｇ）、高梁亲本“桃长红”（Ｔ）以及生产推广杂交组合“汕优６３”（Ｓ）等试验材料某些生态生理特性的差异。研究结果表明，在－１．０ＭＰａ的高渗胁迫下，Ｙ、Ｇ、Ｔ的萌发系数均有不同程度的下降，正常培养条件下的萌发系数ＧＣ分别为３６．９     

Selenium Alleviates the Adverse Effect of Drought in Oilseed Crops Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) and Canola (Brassica napus L.)

Drought poses a serious threat to oilseed crops by lowering yield and crop failures under prolonged spells. A multi-year field investigation was conducted to enhance the drought tolerance in four genotypes of Camelina and canola by selenium (Se) application. The principal aim of the research was to optimize the crop yield by eliciting the physio-biochemical attributes by alleviating the adverse effects of drought stress. Both crops were cultivated under control (normal irrigation) and drought stress (skipping irrigation at stages i.e., vegetative and reproductive) conditions. Four different treatments of Se viz., seed priming with Se (75 μM), foliar application of Se (7.06 μM), foliar application of Se + Seed priming with Se (7.06 μM and 75 μM, respectively) and control (without Se), were implemented at the vegetative and reproductive stages of both crops. Sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃), an inorganic compound was used as Se sources for both seed priming and foliar application. Data regarding physiochemical, antioxidants, and yield components were recorded as response variables at crop maturity. Results indicated that WP, OP, TP, proline, TSS, TFAA, TPr, TS, total chlorophyll contents, osmoprotectant (GB, anthocyanin, TPC, and flavonoids), antioxidants (APX, SOD, POD, and CAT), and yield components (number of branches per plant, thousand seed weight, seed, and biological yields were significantly improved by foliar Se + priming Se in both crops under drought stress. Moreover, this treatment was also helpful in boosting yield attributes under irrigated (non-stress) conditions. Camelina genotypes responded better to Se application as seed priming and foliar spray than canola for both years. It has concluded that Se application (either foliar or priming) can potentially alleviate adverse effects of drought stress in camelina and canola by eliciting various physio-biochemicals attributes under drought stress. Furthermore, Se application was also helpful for crop health under irrigated condition.     

Improving the catabolic functions of desiccation-tolerant soil bacteria

Bacterial strains were selected from a desiccated polluted soil for their drought tolerance and their ability to grow on diesel oil in view of incorporating them in a bioaugmentation product. These products are useful in case of recal citrant xenobiotic pollution, where there is no intrinsic biodegradation activity in the soil. These strains grow on the easily degradable components of diesel oil. In troduction of new catabolic genes into these desiccation-tolerant bacteria in order to improve their catabolic functions was considered. Plasmid-borne catabolic genes coding for enzymes in volved in the degradation of more recalcitrant compounds (Isopropylbenzene, trichloroethene, 3-chloroben zoate, 4-chlorobiphenyl, biphenyl) were successfully introduced in some of the desiccation-tolerant strains by means of natural conjugation. Strains exhibiting good tolerance to desiccation and able to grow on the new carbon sources were obtained. The frequencies of integration of the plasmids ranged from 2×10⁻⁸ to 9.2 10⁻² transconjugants/acceptor. Drought-tolerance is indeed important for bioaugmentation because of its in trinsic ecological significance and because a bioaugmentation starter has to be conditioned in a desic cated form to ensure good shelf-life. The conservation of the properties during storage was evaluated by accelerated storage tests.     

基于Copula-EVT模型的干旱灾害风险评估

干旱历时和干旱强度是影响干旱灾害风险的主要因素。根据干旱灾害发生的极端过程特点,用极值理论刻画干旱灾害风险两个特征变量的边缘分布,用Archimedes Copula函数捕捉旱灾风险两个特征变量之间的极值相依结构,本文构建的基于Copula-EVT的旱灾风险评估模型较好地反映了旱灾形成的极端过程和影响因子。实证分析以淮河流域蚌埠站为例,证实了ClaytonCopula-EVT模型能较好地拟合蚌埠站干旱灾害风险的历史经验分布,计算得出:蚌埠站干旱历时大于5个月,干旱强度超过7.45的极端干旱灾害风险概率为3%,重现期T_∩(t,d)为32.4年,对干旱历时和干旱强度的条件重现期研究得出干旱强度的取值对干旱灾害风险重现期的影响较大。     

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF DROUGHT RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

Abstract. Ensuring drought resilience for farmers is an important policy concern. Yet, a quantitative treatment of the concept of drought resilience has been lacking in the literature. This paper designs a mathematical model of drought resilience to assess farmers’ survival strategies when faced with the prospect of repeated droughts. A key distinction is being made here between consecutive droughts and one‐off droughts, as it is the former, which is of most concern to farmers as well as policy makers. The mathematical model is generalized to incorporate the possibility of more than one set of a certain number of consecutive droughts occurring in the future. Findings indicate varying implications for groundwater sustainability when resilience outcomes are directly linked to the length of a farmer's drought planning horizon as well as to the planned minimum consumption during drought years.     

Leaf Age-Dependent Photosystem II Photochemistry and Oxidative Stress Responses to Drought Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Are Modulated by Flavonoid Accumulation

We investigated flavonoid accumulation and lipid peroxidation in young leaves (YL) and mature leaves (ML) of Arabidopsis thaliana plants, whose watering stopped 24 h before sampling, characterized as onset of drought stress (OnDS), six days before sampling, characterized as mild drought stress (MiDS), and ten days before sampling, characterized as moderate drought stress (MoDS). The response to drought stress (DS) of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, in both leaf types, was evaluated by estimating the allocation of absorbed light to photochemistry (Φ_PSII), to heat dissipation by regulated non-photochemical energy loss (Φ_NPQ) and to non-regulated energy dissipated in PSII (Φ_NO). Young leaves were better protected at MoDS than ML leaves, by having higher concentration of flavonoids that promote acclimation of YL PSII photochemistry to MoDS, showing lower lipid peroxidation and excitation pressure (1 − q_p). Young leaves at MoDS possessed lower 1 − q_p values and lower excess excitation energy (EXC), not only compared to MoDS ML, but even to MiDS YL. They also possessed a higher capacity to maintain low Φ_NO, suggesting a lower singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation. Our results highlight that leaves of different developmental stage may display different responses to DS, due to differential accumulation of metabolites, and imply that PSII photochemistry in Arabidopsis thaliana may not show a dose dependent DS response.     

MODIS植被指数监测农业干旱的适宜性评价

MODIS传感器提供的短波红外光谱波段为农业干旱遥感监测带来了新的机遇,因为它对植被水分十分敏感。本文选择中国东北松嫩平原为研究区,旱田为农业干旱的监测目标。基于2001—2010年的8天合成MODIS产品（MOD09A1）,分别计算了四种基于可见光和近红外光谱的植被绿度指数和四种基于近红外和短波红外光谱的植被水分指数,并以多尺度标准化降水指标(SPI)为判别植被指数农业干旱敏感性的标准,利用一种气象站点与象元配对关联的方法计算了不同植被指数与多尺度SPI的皮尔逊相关系数。研究表明,在农业干旱监测敏感性方面,MODIS植被水分指数（NDII6和NDII7）明显好于植被绿度指数。其中NDII7的表现最为出色,研究证实了MODIS短波红外光谱在监测农业干旱方面的潜力,为今后相关研究提供了新的见解。     

云贵地区气象旱涝的气候响应特征

根据1960~2014年云贵地区49个站点的逐月降水量和气温资料,利用标准化降水指数、Mann-Kendall突变检验及小波分析等方法研究了季尺度和年尺度的气温和降水量的变化特征及旱涝演变趋势.结果表明:(1)1960~2014年云贵地区气温呈明显上升趋势,且上升速率冬季秋季春季夏季,1997年出现了气温突变现象.(2)降水量呈下降趋势,其中,秋季降水量下降最快,冬季最慢,且降水呈现14a和28a的周期变化.(3)1960~2014年云贵地区呈现偏旱的趋势,且夏秋两季干旱趋势较为明显.(4)从空间尺度分析,云贵地区整体上趋于干旱(SPI倾向率小于0),在云南与贵州交界处,偏旱现象较为严重,仅在云南省北部出现偏湿现象.因此近55a云贵地区气候呈暖干化趋势.     

Application of long-range correlation and multi-fractal analysis for the depiction of drought risk

By using the multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis method, we analyze the nonlinear property of drought in southwestern China. The results indicate that the occurrence of drought in southwestern China is multi-fractal and longrange correlated, and these properties are indifferent to timescales. A power-law decay distribution well describes the return interval of drought events and the auto-correlation. Furthermore, a drought risk exponent based on the multi-fractal property and the long-range correlation is presented. This risk exponent can give useful information about whether the drought may or may not occur in future, and provide a guidance function for preventing disasters and reducing damage.     

基于生物延迟发光评价玉米萌发期抗旱性的方法

玉米种子萌发期抗旱性评价是节水农业研究中的难点和热点问题之一,生物延迟发光分析技术的应用有可能解决这一问题。采用生物延迟发光评价方法研究了玉米种子萌发期的抗旱性能力,探讨了在渗透势-0.1 MPa和-0.3 MPa的PEG-6000溶液中萌发的玉米品种万瑞168号和堰单8号延迟发光的变化规律。结果表明,万瑞168号和堰单8号玉米品种的延迟发光积分强度都随着萌发进程逐渐升高,-0.1 MPa和-0.3 MPa的PEG-6000溶液形成的干旱胁迫对两个玉米品种延迟发光积分强度的升高有不同的抑制作用,胁迫强度越大,两个品种延迟发光积分强度的差异就越大。研究还发现,在干旱胁迫下萌发的万瑞168号和堰单8号玉米延迟发光相对变化率R_DL与种子萌发抗旱指数和储藏物质转运率的变化是一致的,依据干旱胁迫下种子萌发过程中延迟发光积分强度相对变化率R_DL的大小可以评价玉米种子萌发期抗旱性的强弱。