低场核磁共振结合化学计量学方法快速检测掺假核桃油

以掺假核桃油样品为低场核磁共振检测对象,利用主成分分析法(PCA)和偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR)分析处理Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill(CPMG)序列的核磁共振弛豫数据,旨在探求一种能快速检测核桃油品质的新方法。对几种常见掺假形式(掺入大豆油、玉米油、葵花油)的核桃油样品和纯核桃油样品进行检测和评价。实验结果表明:纯核桃油和掺入不同种类食用油的掺假核桃油在主成分得分图上可以得到很好的区分,且掺假样品随掺假比例在图中呈规律性分布;采用PLSR法对CPMG数据和实际掺假率进行回归,可实现对核桃油掺假水平的准确定量测定。方法快速、无损、准确,在食用油制品的品质控制及评价方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

花生蛋白组分及其亚基含量近红外分析检测方法

花生球蛋白、伴花生球蛋白及亚基含量显著影响蛋白质的凝胶性和溶解性等功能特性,进而影响其在肉制品、植物蛋白饮料中的应用效果。目前常采用提取蛋白质后再用电泳及光密度法测定球蛋白、伴球蛋白及亚基含量的方法,操作步骤繁琐,样品损失量大。为此收集了178个花生品种,分别提取蛋白,采用电泳法测定球蛋白、伴球蛋白、23.5和37.5 kDa亚基含量并获得大量数据的基础上,利用近红外光谱技术进行整粒花生样品的光谱扫描,将其与传统方法测定的化学值进行拟合,采用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）化学计量法构建数学模型。通过比较单一和复合光谱预处理方式,对比模型相关系数和误差评估预测模型性能。确定球蛋白模型最佳预处理方法为2nd-der with Detrend,校正集相关系数为0.92,标准差为1.41;伴球蛋白模型最佳预处理方法为Detrend with 1st-der,校正集相关系数为0.85,标准差为1.46;23.5 kDa亚基含量模型最佳预处理方法为Normalization with 2nd-der,校正集相关系数为0.91,标准差为0.53;37.5 kDa模型最佳预处理方法为Detrend with Baseline,校正集相关系数为0.91,标准差为0.89。外部验证结果表明,球蛋白预测均方根误差（square errors of prediction, SEP）为1.25,伴球蛋白SEP为0.73,23.5 kDa模型SEP为0.47,37.5 kDa模型SEP为0.75。本研究基于近红外光谱技术实现了对整粒花生进行球蛋白、伴球蛋白、23.5 kDa和37.5 kDa亚基含量的同步、快速和无损检测,为育种专家加工专用品种选育和蛋白加工企业原料选用提供了根据。     

可见光-近红外、中红外光谱的土壤有机质组分反演

土壤有机质是土壤肥力的物质基础,其含量的高低是评价土壤肥力的重要标志。土壤有机质组分根据其溶解性可分为胡敏素(HM)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA),不同组分的肥力特性差异显著,因此,土壤有机质组分数据可更加全面、客观的反映土壤肥力状况。传统土壤土壤有机质及组分的测定工序繁杂,效率低下且时效性差,大量研究表明高光谱技术能有效提高土壤属性的检测效率并降低测试成本,但关于可见光-近红外、中红外光谱检测土壤有机质组分的报道鲜见。为了探索中红外光谱及可见光-近红外-中红外组合光谱对土壤有机质组分检测的可行性,并对比有机质单一光谱模型与有机质不同组分的组合光谱模型的预测精度,以南疆地区农田土壤为例,在阿克苏及和田地区共采集93个土样,进行有机质、胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸含量及光谱数据的测定。其次,利用可见-近红外(VNIR)、中红外(MIR)及其组合光谱(VNIR-MIR)三种光谱数据集,采用偏最小二乘(PLSR)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)三种建模方式对土壤有机质、胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸含量进行组合模型分析预测。结果表明：(1)土壤有机质及各组分均与光谱反射率有较好的相关性,土壤有机质及组分在MIR谱段的特征波段数量明显多于VNIR谱段。(2)有机质最优预测模型的模式为VNIR-MIR-RF,该模型的决定系数R2为0.90;胡敏素与胡敏酸最优预测模型的模式均为VNIR-RF模型,R2均为0.92;富里酸最优预测模型的模式为MIR-RF模型,R2为0.94。(3) 基于胡敏素、胡敏酸和富里酸的有机质组合光谱模型的预测精度明显高于有机质单一光谱模型,两种模型的R2分别为0.93和0.90。实现了土壤有机质组分的高效快速反演,且基于有机质组分的组合模型提高了土壤有机质预测精度,为南疆地区大尺度土壤肥力的鉴定与精准施肥提供重要的参考价值。     

Rapid Simultaneous Determination of Andrographolides in Andrographis paniculata by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine has been evaluated. Seven quantitative parameters, andrographolide, deoxyandrographolide, dehydroandrographolide, neoandrographolide, moisture, ash content, and alcohol-soluble extract of Andrographis paniculata, were evaluated by NIRS. The reference values of andrographolides were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the others were obtained using the standard methods of the 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The predicted values were determined by a quantitative model using NIRS based on partial least square regression. Different spectral preprocessing methods, spectral ranges, and optimum number of factors were selected to optimize the models. All models were estimated by the combination of various parameters, including the correlation coefficient of calibration for andrographolide, deoxyandrographolide, dehydroandrographolide, neoandrographolide, moisture, ash content, alcohol-soluble extract (values of 0.980, 0.984, 0.989, 0.983, 0.987, 0.988, 0.979, respectively), root mean square error of calibration (values of 0.156, 0.038, 0.050, 0.029, 0.604, 0.431, 0.135, respectively), root mean square error of prediction (values of 0.169, 0.041, 0.050, 0.033, 0.280, 0.493, 0.140, respectively), root mean square error of cross-validation (values of 0.626, 0.114, 0.158, 0.046, 1.145, 0.774, 0.508, respectively), and ratio of standard deviation to standard error of prediction (values of 4.583, 4.690, 4.796, 4.899, 4.899, 4.690, 5.099, respectively). The results show that the calibration models by NIRS are reliable and can be applied for the quantification for seven parameters from A. paniculata for quality control in traditional Chinese medicine production and processing.     

Multivariate image analysis of a set of FTIR microspectroscopy images of aged bovine muscle tissue combining image and design information

In this paper we present an algorithm for analysing sets of FTIR microscopic images of tissue sections. The proposed approach allows one to investigate sets of many FTIR tissue images both with respect to sample information (variation from image to image) and spatial variations of tissues (variation within the image). The algorithm is applied to FTIR microscopy images of beef loin muscles containing myofibre and connective tissue regions. The FTIR microscopy images are taken of sub-samples from five different beef loin muscles that were aged for four different lengths of time. The images were investigated regarding variation due to the ageing length and due to the homogeneity of the connective tissue regions. The presented algorithm consists of the following main elements: (1) pre-processing of the spectra to overcome large quality differences in FTIR spectra and differences due to scatter effects, (2) identification of connective tissue regions in every image, (3) labelling of every connective tissue spectrum with respect to its location in the connective tissue region, and (4) analysis of variations in the FTIR microscopic images in regard to ageing time and pixel position of the spectra in the connective tissue region. Important spectral parameters characterising collagen and proteoglycan structure were determined. Figure Effective optical path length estimated by EMSC     

土壤砷含量高光谱估算模型研究

以实验室内测取的土壤反射光谱为研究对象,利用PLSR方法建立反射光谱与土壤As含量之间的模型,通过交叉验证、估算检验建模精度,探讨利用反射光谱估算士壤As含量的可行性.通过比较不同光谱预处理方法、不同光谱分辨率和不同OM含量条件下建模、验证和估算结果.表明,MSC方法可以有效去除散射的影响而取得较好的结果(估算R2=0...     

煤矸石充填复垦重构土壤重金属含量高光谱反演

为研究煤矸石充填复垦土壤重金属含量快速有效的监测方法,以淮南创大生态园煤矸石充填复垦田间试验小区为研究区域,首先采用化学方法监测土壤(0～20 cm)重金属(Cu, Cr, As)含量,然后采用ASD(analytical spectral devices) FiSpec4型高光谱仪测量土壤样品的反射光谱,提取光谱特征,并对光谱进行一阶微分变换、二阶微分变换及倒数对数变换;将变换后的各光谱特征参数与监测的土壤重金属含量进行相关性分析,并依据相关性分析结果选择显著相关的波段作为相关因子供建模使用。采用多元逐步回归(stepwise multiple liner regression,SMLR)分析、偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)及人工神经网络(artificial neural network, ANN)三种方法分别建立基于光谱反射率估算土壤重金属含量的预测模型,并采用回归模型进行精度评定,然后确定各重金属含量的最佳预测模型。实验结果表明,经过微分变换的光谱波段与土壤重金属含量达到了显著相关;重金属Cu和Cr的一阶微分光谱的人工神经网络模型为最佳预测模型,重金属元素As的二阶微分光谱的偏最小二乘回归模型为最佳预测模型。     

Discrimination of Genetically Very Close Accessions of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

The correct recognition of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) variety accessions at the nursery stage of growth is a challenge for the productive sector as they do not show any difference in phenotype traits. Furthermore, there is no DNA marker able to distinguish orange accessions within a variety due to their narrow genetic trace. As different combinations of canopy and rootstock affect the uptake of elements from soil, each accession features a typical elemental concentration in the leaves. Thus, the main aim of this work was to analyze two sets of ten different accessions of very close genetic characters of three varieties of fresh citrus leaves at the nursery stage of growth by measuring the differences in elemental concentration by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The accessions were discriminated by both principal component analysis (PCA) and a classifier based on the combination of classification via regression (CVR) and partial least square regression (PLSR) models, which used the elemental concentrations measured by LIBS as input data. A correct classification of 95.1% and 80.96% was achieved, respectively, for set 1 and set 2. These results showed that LIBS is a valuable technique to discriminate among citrus accessions, which can be applied in the productive sector as an excellent cost–benefit tool in citrus breeding programs.     

PLSR模型的回归效果分析

本文简单地介绍了多元线性回归、主元回归、部分最小二乘回归模型 ,用实例对三种方法的回归性能进行比较 ,并指出在消除多重共线性、回归系数估计精度及预测精度等方面 ,部分最小二乘回归模型优于其它两种模型