A quantum circuit design of AES requiring fewer quantum qubits and gate operations

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is one of the most widely used block ciphers nowadays, and has been established as an encryption standard in 2001. Here we design AES-128 and the sample-AES (S-AES) quantum circuits for deciphering. In the quantum circuit of AES-128, we perform an affine transformation for the SubBytes part to solve the problem that the initial state of the output qubits in SubBytes is not the |0>^⊗8 state. After that, we are able to encode the new round sub-key on the qubits encoding the previous round sub-key, and this improvement reduces the number of qubits used by 224 compared with Langenberg et al.’s implementation. For S-AES, a complete quantum circuit is presented with only 48 qubits, which is already within the reach of existing noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers.     

Rheological Properties of Anionic Surfactant Solutions in the Presence of Al3+ Counterion

Aqueous solutions of ionic surfactants with strongly binding counterions exhibit wormlike or network properties. The properties of anionic micelles of sodium dodecyltrioxyethylene sulfate (AES) in the presence of multivalent counterion Al³⁺ were investigated by dynamic rheological methods. The steady-shear viscosity and stress, the zero-shear viscosity, the complex viscosity, and the dynamic shear modulus have been determined as a function of the surfactant and salt concentrations. Some interesting and noticeable results have been obtained, which can express the micellar growth and structure. The formation of wormlike micelles or network structure in surfactant solutions becomes much easier with increasing surfactant and salt concentrations. The Cox-Merz rule and the Cole-Cole plot are not applicable perfectly to the systems studied. The nonlinear viscoelasticity and non-Newtonian behavior can be found in all solutions according to the comparison with the simple Maxwell model. The technique of freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM) was also applied to confirm the formation of these interesting structures.     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity of Ag, Au and Cu nanoclusters on TiO2-nanotubes/Ti substrate

Tubular arrays of TiO₂ nanotubes (ranging in diameter from 40 to 110 nm) on a Ti substrate were used as a support for Ag, Au or Cu deposits obtained by the sputter deposition technique, where the amount of metal varied from 0.01 to 0.2 mg/cm². Those composite supports were intended for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) investigations. Composite samples were studied with the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) to reveal their characteristic morphological and chemical features. Raman spectra of pyridine (as a probe molecule) were measured at different cathodic potentials ranging from −0.2 down to −1.2 V after the pyridine had been adsorbed on the metal-covered TiO₂ nanotube/Ti substrates. In addition, SERS spectra on a bulk standard activated Ag, Au and Cu substrates were also measured. The SERS activity of the composite samples was strongly dependent on the amount of metal deposit, e.g. at and above 0.06 mg Ag/cm², the intensity of SERS signal was even higher than that for the Ag reference substrate. The high activity of these composites is mainly a result of their specific morphology. The high SERS sensitivity on the surface morphology of the substrate made it possible to monitor very small temporal changes in the Ag metal clusters. This rearrangement was not detectable with microscopic (SEM) or microanalytical (AES) methods. The SERS activity of Au or Cu clusters was distinctly lower than those of Ag. The spectral differences exhibited by the three kinds of composites as compared to the reference metal samples are discussed.     

骨中铊的微波消解ICP/AES标准加入测定法

建立骨骼的微波消解和金属毒物铊的ICP/AES标准加入分析方法。取0.2g骨粉于聚四氟乙烯消解管中,加入3.0mL浓硝酸及0.5mL双氧水,进行微波消解。结束后,用2%硝酸定容至10.0mL。根据标准加入法进行ICP-AES定量分析。方法的回收率为99.4%,检出限为5.1ng/g,线性范围为5~500 ng/mL。该方法操作简便,回收率高,检出限低,线性范围宽,可多元素同时测定,结果可靠。     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard: ISO 29081: 2010, surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy—reporting of methods used for charge control and charge correction

This international standard specifies the minimum amount of information required for describing the methods of charge control and charge correction in measurements of Auger electron transitions from insulating specimens by electron‐stimulated AES to be reported with the analytical results. Information is provided in an Annex on methods that have been found useful for charge control prior to or during AES analysis. The Annex also includes a summary table of methods or approaches, ordered by simplicity of approach. A similar international standard has been published for XPS (ISO 19318: 2003(E), Surface chemical analysis—XPS—reporting of methods used for charge control and charge correction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surface study of cerium oxide based coatings obtained by cathodic electrodeposition on zinc

A surface study of electrodeposited cerium oxide based coatings is presented. Different surface analytical techniques were used in order to obtain complementary information to fully characterize such complex systems. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy was used as the main technique to determine the surface composition of the coating. The analysis of the core level peaks of the elements provides additional information about the functional groups present on the surface. A mixture of Ce (III) and Ce (IV) was found in the coating and their proportion was calculated at different depths. The analysis of the O 1s core level peak revealed a triple structure whose origin will be discussed. To support the results obtained, electron stimulated desorption was performed. The study was completed with Auger electron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, both techniques having different surface sensitivities. From all these results, it is derived that incomplete electrochemical reactions occurred during the growth of the coatings. This led to rather complex compositions, in which defective cerium oxides are the major species. In addition, hydroxides, carbonates and nitrates are also present, together with adsorbed water.     

CID-ICP-AES用于高纯试样的分析性能

研究了CID-IP-AES用于测定高纯物质的分析性能。以高纯LiOH为对象，研究了低浓度范围内分析线的选择，标准曲线的特性，探讨了直接用于高纯物质分析的检测能力及可行性。     

Automatic spike correction using UNIFIT 2020

The improvement of the software UNIFIT 2020 from an analysis processing software for photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) only to a powerful tool for XPS, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and Raman spectroscopy requires new additional programme routines. Particularly, the implementation of the analysis of Raman spectra needs a well-working automatic spike correction. The application of the modified discrete Laplace operator method allows for a perfect localization and correction of the spikes and finally a successful peak fit of the spectra. The theoretical basis is described. Test spectra allow for the evaluation of the presented method. A comparison of the original and spike-corrected real measurements demonstrates the high quality of the method used.     

液相阴极辉光放电原子发射光谱法高灵敏测定精铜矿中的铅和锌

由于重金属毒性大,且在环境、动物和人体器官中易积聚,因而在矿石开采、冶炼和加工之前,监测其中的微量重金属显得尤为重要。著名的原子光谱仪器,如原子荧光光谱(AFS)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、电感耦合等离子体(ICP)等已广泛用于各种样品中元素的检测,但它们体积大、能耗高、价格昂贵、气体消耗大,这些缺点严重阻碍了野外现场的连续监测。为了满足分析仪器的微型化趋势,1993年Cserfalvi开发了一种电解液阴极放电原子发射光谱(ELCAD-AES)技术并将其用于分析检测中。该装置中,待测溶液以8～10 mL·min-1的流速从细管顶端溢出,然后沿管壁流入装满电解液的35 mL储液池中,以溢出溶液的液面作为放电阴极,在和流动液体电极相距2～4 mm处放一金属W(Ti)棒为阳极,细管浸入电解液并尖端向上弯曲超出储液池液面1～3 mm,细管顶端溢出的液体流入储液池并通过其中的碳棒与电源负极相连,从而构建放电系统。从那时起,为了提高激发效率和放电稳定性,人们对ELCAD进行了大量改进。基于ELCAD的特点,通过改进放电装置,建立了一种新的液相阴极辉光放电(LCGD)分析系统。该系统中,放电在直径0.5 mm的铂针阳极和内径1 mm的毛细管顶端溢出的溶液阴极之间的间隙中产生。毛细管上端和铂丝之间的间隙为2 mm,毛细管插入石墨管且露出石墨管的距离为2.5 mm。样品溶液以4.5 mL·min-1从毛细管顶端溢出流经石墨管上的凹槽,石墨管和电源负极连接。与ELCAD相比,LCGD的优点在于：Pt针做阳极,可形成尖端放电,从而降低能耗(<60 W),提高激发效率;蠕动泵管上打结,可降低泵的脉动性,提高放电的稳定性;石墨管链接电源负极,删除ELCAD中的储液池,使样品消耗更少。为了评估方法的分析性能,用LCGD测定了HNO₃-HCl消化的精铜矿样品中的铅和锌。系统研究了放电稳定性以及放电电压、溶液流速、支持电解质和溶液pH对发射强度的影响,并将LCGD与其他ELCAD的分析性能进行比较。此外,用ICP对LCGD的测试结果进行验证,t检验分析两种结果的差异性。结果表明,当电压从620升高到680 V,发射强度逐渐增大,这是因为电压升高,激发能量增大,单位体积内激发的金属原子增多,激发效率提高。考虑到放电稳定性,选择650 V为最佳放电电压。当流速从2.5增加到4.5 mL·min-1时,发射强度增加,这是由于流速增加导致进入放电区的样品量增加,发射强度增强;流速高于4.5 mL·min-1后,发射强度有下降的趋势,这是由于水荷载的增加引起放电区能量密度降低以及过量水加热消耗了用于激发样品的能量,导致激发能量降低。因此,选择最佳流速为4.5 mL·min-1。pH=1的HNO₃具有较高的激发强度,因而选择pH=1为最佳pH。最佳条件下,Pb和Zn的检出限分别为0.38和0.59 mg·L-1,相对标准偏差分别为0.9%和1.2%,功率低于60 W。实验中的检出限与其他类似方法所测结果有一定差距,这可能与所选谱仪有关。固定激发波长下研究发现,放电过程有较好的稳定性。矿石样品中Pb和Zn的回收率在87.6%~107.4％,LCGD测试结果与ICP基本一致,两种方法基本无显著性差异。与ICP相比,LCGD具有低能耗、高激发效率、小型便携等优点。随着进一步改进,有望开发出可用于实时、在线检测金属元素的微型化仪器。     

N掺杂对非晶C薄膜的电子结构与光学性质的影响

用直流磁控溅射法制备了非晶C薄膜及N掺杂非晶C(a-C∶N)薄膜,用紫外-可见分光光谱仪、椭圆偏振仪、俄歇电子能谱(AES)等对薄膜进行了检测。结果表明：随源气体中N气含量的增加,透过率和折射率变小, 而光学带隙先增大后减小; 当薄膜中N的含量很少,N的掺入对sp3杂化C起稳定作用,使得薄膜光学带隙E_g增大。而较高量N的掺入抑制了sp3杂化C的形成,提高了薄膜中sp2键含量,使得薄膜光学带隙变小。参数D定义为俄歇电子能谱(AES)中最大正峰和最低负峰之间的距离,用俄歇电子能谱中的D值来计算薄膜的sp2键的百分含量,俄歇电子能谱(AES)表征也表明：较高量的N的掺入抑制了sp3杂化C的形成。所以应该考虑在较低N分压条件下掺N来改善非晶C薄膜的光学性能。