Heat transfer enhancement by combination of serpentine curves and nanofluid flow in microtube

Heat transfer and flow characteristics of Cu/water nanofluids' flow in the serpentine microtubes are investigated experimentally. The serpentine microtubes are fabricated by bending a straight copper microtube with an inner diameter of 787 μm. Also, the Cu/water nanofluids are prepared using a novel one-step technique, namely electro-exploded wire. The effects of serpentine microtubes' geometrical parameters (pitch spacing, p, and straight section, l) and nanofluid concentration (weight fraction, φ) are examined. It is found that the heat transfer enhances by decreasing both the pitch spacing and the straight section of the serpentine microtube as well as increasing the weight fraction of the nanofluid. Also, the results show that the friction factor tends to increase in the same manner. A noticeable average enhancement in the thermal performance factor of 21.8% is obtained for a specific operating condition, i.e., the nanofluid at φ = 0.3% through the serpentine microtube with p = 9.6 mm and l = 10 mm. Finally, two correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor for the Cu/water nanofluids across the serpentine microtubes are proposed.     

直接甲醇燃料电池三通道蛇形阳极流场两相流研究

本文针对配备三通道蛇形阳极流场的液态进料直接甲醇燃料电池阳极两相流及电池性能开展了实验研究.液态进料的直接甲醇燃料电池阳极流床内会形成二氧化碳气泡与甲醇溶液构成的两相流系统,其两相流特性受到电池流道设计、运行工况和工作角度的影响,并同时影响燃料电池的性能.本文设计了三通道蛇形流场,通过可视化实验得到直接甲醇燃料电池三通道蛇形阳极流场内的两相流特性随电流密度变化的规律,并研究了燃料电池在不同旋转角度下的两相流特性和电池性能.实验结果表明:在不同的旋转角度下,电池都体现出较好的工作性能.     

平带驱动系统的振动分析研究进展

综述汽车发动机中带张紧装置的平带驱动系统振动分析的研究进展,在转动振动的力学模型和相应数学模型基础上,总结了用数值方法,复模态分析方法和增量谐波平衡法进行线性振动和非线性振动分析以及打滑预测的结果,在转动－横向耦合振动的力学模型和数学模型基础上,总结了用数值方法,Holzer法,模态分析法和直接多尺度法进行线性振动和非线性振动分析的结果,最后提出需要深入研究的若干问题。     

A simple model of growth and product formation in cell suspensions ofCatharanthus roseus G. Don

This paper describes the application of a simple log-linear model to suspension cultures of the species Catharanthus roseus G. Don. Data obtained experimentally have been interpolated by a cubic spline to give data points of regular time period. A logarithmic transformation has been applied and a linear model fitted to these transformed variables. The results show that there is a reasonable fit to the experimental data cited. Using this model a one-step ahead prediction is made for a series of untried experimental variables, and the results generated are compared with the experimental data subsequently obtained.     

蛇纹石润滑油添加剂摩擦反应膜的力学特征与摩擦学性能

文中考察了变载、变速条件下表面修饰蛇纹石超细粉体作为矿物基础油添加剂的摩擦学性能,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪、纳米压痕仪等对比分析了蛇纹石添加剂形成的摩擦反应膜和基础油润滑下的磨损表面微观形貌、元素分布及微观力学性能.在此基础上,通过改变旋转滑动试验过程中的载荷/速度比,建立了基础油/摩擦反应膜和基础油/普通磨损表面润滑体系的Stribeck曲线.结果表明:蛇纹石超细粉体作为润滑油添加剂形成的摩擦反应膜具有较高的硬度和近似于金属材料的弹性模量,氧化物颗粒的嵌入进一步改善了摩擦反应膜的微区纳米力学性能,同时膜层的多孔结构可起到储油和捕获磨粒的双重作用,从而使摩擦反应膜在边界和混合润滑状态下表现出优异的摩擦学性能.     

硫酸浓度对蛇纹石中氧化镁浸出反应速率的影响

硫酸浸出;动力学;硫酸浓度对蛇纹石中氧化镁浸出反应速率的影响     

天然蛇纹石粉体润滑油添加剂的自修复性能及自修复层形成机理研究

采用RFT-III型往复摩擦磨损试验机(盘-块接触方式)考察了油酸表面修饰天然蛇纹石粉体润滑油添加剂对钢-钢摩擦副的自修复性能;采用显微硬度计测定了试块磨损表面硬度,采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪分析了试块磨损表面和截面的形貌、组成、典型元素的化学状态,探讨了天然蛇纹石粉体的自修复机理.结果表明:油酸表面修饰天然蛇纹石粉体作为润滑油添加剂可显著减小钢-钢摩擦副的摩擦系数和磨损率.这是由于其可经由摩擦化学作用而在磨损表面生成具有良好减摩抗磨性能的自修复层所致.自修复层由不同粒径的纳米颗粒密堆积而成,主要成份为Fe₂O₃和非晶石墨,并含有少量Fe、有机物碎片、含硅有机化合物、SiO₂等.     

蛇纹石热处理产物作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能

考察了表面修饰蛇纹石超细粉体及其热处理产物作为液体石蜡添加剂的摩擦学性能,研究了热处理温度对蛇纹石添加剂抗磨、减摩性能的影响,通过测量摩擦表面接触电阻,监测了摩擦化学反应膜的动态形成过程,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪等分析了摩擦表面形貌及元素分布.结果表明:蛇纹石粉体在摩擦表面释放氧原子,形成氧化物颗粒增强氧化膜,显著降低摩擦,改善液体石蜡的润滑性能.300~600 ℃的热处理在提高粉体活性的同时,保持蛇纹石的层状结构,增强其解理释氧和对摩擦表面的吸附能力,从而促进摩擦化学反应膜的形成,进一步改善蛇纹石的摩擦学性能.当热处理温度高于850 ℃后,蛇纹石粉体的层状结构被破坏,形成大量镁橄榄石和顽火辉石硬质相,加重磨损.     

Application of Raman spectroscopy in the nondestructive analyses of ancient Chinese jades

Jade, as one of the symbols of Chinese material cultures, is the cultural boundary between ancient Chinese and western civilizations. Amphibole, serpentine, turquoise and quartz are the four main kinds of ancient Chinese jades. In this article, the use of Raman spectroscopy in the nondestructive identification of the four kinds of Chinese jades for their phase is discussed. The spectra, in combination with PIXE analysis, help resolve some relevant and further problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of enrichment factor of knotted and serpentine reactors using flow injection sorption and preconcentration for the off-line determination of some trace elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The preconcentration efficiency expressed as an enrichment factor (EF) in knotted and serpentine reactors (SR) for FI sorption and preconcentration for the off-line determination of Cd(II), Ni(II), Co(II),Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Mo(VI), Cr(VI) and W(VI) with ICP-MS was investigated. The preconcentration was carried out by the formation of metal–pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complex in an acidic solution and sorbed onto the inner wall of the PTFE reactors. The EFs were determined as the ratio between the analyte intensities after preconcentration using the reactors and that obtained without using the reactors. Comparing the two procedures for the equal reactor length (150 cm), the higher EFs obtained by using knotted reactor (KR) were observed for all elements. With the preconcentration time of 120 s and a sample flow rate of 1.2 ml min⁻¹, the EFs of 4–36 and 3–12 were gained using knotted and SRs, respectively. The results obtained indicate that the KR is preferable to use for flow injection sorption preconcentration system over the SR.