污染土壤的物化修复治理技术研究

污染土壤的修复治理过程中,物化技术以其快速高效的特点成为国内外研究的热点。本文通过对工程措施、玻璃化技术、热修复、电动力修复、光化学降解、化学淋洗、化学固定/稳定化、化学氧化以及联合修复等常见土壤物化治理技术进行了分析,探讨了各种工艺技术的性能及优缺点,旨在为我国土壤污染修复治理技术的选择提供参考。     

Development of a laccase-based flow injection electrochemical biosensor for the determination of phenolic compounds and its application for monitoring remediation of Kraft E1 paper mill effluent

This paper describes the development of a new system for amperometric determination of phenolic compounds, and its application for monitoring these compounds in paper mill effluent. The method was based on a flow system, a dialysis sampler, and a laccase-based biosensor. The performance of this system was investigated with respect to pH, ionic strength, working potential, and flow-rate dependence. The biosensor showed an excellent long-term stability allowing measurements for over than 3 months. The sensitivity of laccase-based biosensor was tested for phenol, p-chlorophenol, guaiacol and chloroguaiacol; the detector presented selective measurements of micromolar concentration of these compounds. The integration of a dialysis membrane sampling in the system protected the biosensor surface from fouling and gave independence of sample conditions that commonly influence the biosensor performance. These favorable characteristics allowed its application for direct measurements in complex media with no sample pretreatment. This ability was confirmed employing this system in a continuous analysis of phenolic compounds during the remediation of paper mill effluent by ozonization process.     

Complementary spectroscopic techniques to model the association of contaminant uranium with structural surfaces

Contaminant uranium poses unique problems for decontamination of former weapons processing and nuclear power facilities, as well as chemical plants, waste storage sites and former mining facilities. In addition, dealing with the possibility of intentional (i.e., a terrorist act) or accidental release of radioactive material in a populated area requires an accurate understanding of the nature of the association of such material with structural surfaces. These surfaces must also be considered in the context of repeated contamination, and the importance of atmospheric exposure, interaction with other possible contaminants, and corrosion or surface degradation due to such exposure must be taken into account. Complementary spectroscopic techniques, especially surface spectroscopies, are essential in developing models for the interaction of contaminants with surfaces and interfaces. In this review (which also presents new data on uranium association with corroding steel surfaces), we collect models of this association as determined by spectroscopic techniques, assess the important considerations in the development of more accurate models, and address some of the questions which remain.     

Controlling the Fenton Reaction for Soil Remediation

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the use elemental iron to control the Fenton reaction, a process in which ferrous ion reacts with hydrogen peroxide. It is widely believed that the Fenton reaction produces free radicals that can degrade organic chemicals. By using elemental iron in place of ferrous iron, we found that the vigor of the Fenton reaction can be controlled, and therefore can be used more effectively to remediate contaminated soil.

Laboratory studies were done to compare the elemental iron approach with the original ferrous salt approach. It was found that elemental iron can increase the effectiveness of the Fenton reaction in degrading organic chemical such as Pentachlorophenol (PCP). The mechanism of control lies in the production of ferrous irons from elemental iron in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.     

载氧环境下脉冲放电等离子体修复污染土壤体系中自由基的发射光谱

基于发射光谱检测方法的优越性以及在高级氧化降解体系中·OH和·O的重要作用,本研究采用发射光谱检测技术测定载氧环境下脉冲放电等离子体(pulsed discharge plasma, PDP)修复污染土壤体系中·OH和·O相对发射光谱强度的变化。研究建立了针-网式PDP修复污染土壤体系,利用光谱仪检测该PDP体系在载氧环境下所生成的·OH和·O的相对发射光谱强度。通过对比实验分别考察了不添加土壤、添加原土、添加有机污染土壤和添加有机-重金属复合污染土壤的PDP体系中·OH和·O的相对发射光谱强度变化,同时考察了脉冲峰值电压、电极间距和O₂体积流量变化对·OH和·O的相对发射光谱强度的影响。研究结果表明：添加土壤有利于放电的发生,进而提高了PDP体系中·OH和·O的生成;添加有机污染土壤的PDP体系中·OH和·O发射光谱强度较原土体系中低,证明了PDP体系中·OH和·O对有机物的氧化作用;重金属离子的加入对于PDP体系中有机物的降解有积极的促进作用。同时,脉冲峰值电压和O₂体积流量的增加有利于PDP体系中·OH和·O的产生,而电极间距的增加不利于PDP修复污染土壤体系中·OH和·O的生成。本研究在说明PDP用于污染土壤修复体系中·OH和·O的关键作用的基础上,分析了PDP用于污染土壤修复过程中体系主要因素变化对体系中主要自由基含量的影响规律。     

Density-driven Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds and its Impact on Contaminated Groundwater Plume Evolution

Density-driven advection of gas phase due to vaporization of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has a significant effect on fate and transport of contaminants. In this study, we investigated the effects of density-driven advection, infiltration, and permeability on contaminant plume evolution and natural attenuation of VOCs in the subsurface system. To analyze these effects, multiphase flow and contaminant transport processes were simulated using a three-dimensional Galerkin-finite-element-based model. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is selected as a target contaminant. Density-driven advection of gas phase elevated the potential of groundwater pollution in the saturated zone by accelerating downward migration of vaporized contaminant in the unsaturated zone. The advection contributed to increased removal rates of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) TCE source and reduced dissolved TCE plume development in the downstream area. Infiltration reduced the velocity of the density-driven advection and its influence zone, but raised TCE transfer from the unsaturated to the saturated zone. The variation in soil permeability showed greater impact on contaminant migration within water phase in the saturated zone than within gas phase in the unsaturated zone. Temporal variations of TCE mass within two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) domains under several modeling conditions were compared. These results are important in evaluation of natural attenuation processes, and should be considered to effectively design monitored natural attenuation as a remedial option.     

攀枝花机场北东角滑坡整治措施研究

攀枝花机场地形及地质条件复杂,在修建过程中实施了大量的挖填方工程,填方边坡形成的沉降变形和滑坡成为机场主要的工程病害。本文阐述了机场北东角滑坡的基本特征及成因,综合反分析演算和试验结果确定了滑动面的抗剪强度参数,并对滑坡稳定性进行了参数敏感性分析。在滑坡推力计算的基础上,对滑坡整治方案进行对比论证,从而确立了以抗滑桩、预应力锚索框架、削坡减载和地表防排水为主的综合整治措施。     

SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZATION AND REMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF POLYMERIZABLE SURFACTANT MONOMERS OF N,N-DIALLYL-N,N-DIALKYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

The amphiphilic polymerizable surfactants N,N-diallyl-N,N-dioctylammonium chloride, N,N-diallyl-N,N-didecylammonium chloride and N,N-diallyl-N,N-didodecylammonium chloride have been synthesized. Experimental techniques including dynamic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and atomic force microscopy indicate the monomers form large, well-organized structures similar to vesicles of naturally occurring lipids. Studies of the sequestration of a model foulant by the didodecyl monomer revealed a strong interaction with a high degree of binding. The loading of higher amounts of cresol causes a change in the properties of the monomer assemblies indicating the formation of mixed micellar aggregates. The large monomer aggregates are retained by the dialysis membrane and present a potential alternative to small micellar assemblies.     

Impact of Measurement Uncertainty in Chemical Quantities on Environmental Prognosis by Geochemical Transport Modelling∗

Abstract

In Germany, geochemical modelling takes a strong position in two aspects of broader public interest. The first aspect is the safety assessment of a nuclear waste repository, the second is remediation of uranium mining areas. In both aspects, the application of geochemical modelling is stipulated by authorities. This situation results from the possibility to model highly complex situations by computers. The increase in computing power experienced in recent times now offers techniques to assess the sensitivity of modelling results to uncertain input data both in the thermodynamic data base and the site-specific field data. Both aspects are investigated by using Monte Carlo methods in combination with non-parametric statistics. A probabilistic geochemical modelling of uranium mill tailings leaching is demonstrated by application of TReaC modelling code using a simplified site model.     

高污染土壤中多组分滴滴涕提取及污染土壤修复终点的研究

建立了高污染土壤中多组分滴滴涕(DDTs)含量的提取分析方法.采用加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)对土壤中的DDTs进行提取;经固相萃取柱(SPE)净化和富集,最后采用气相色谱(GC)测定DDTs的含量.结果表明,本方法的回收率为84.0％～105.3％,相对标准偏差为1.3％ ～ 8.8％,仪器的检出限为0.010～0.030 μg/kg,方法的检出限为0.30～0.50 μg/kg.另外,本研究还采用Tenax-TA树脂对污染土壤连续氧化处理后的污染物进行提取,发现氧化4次后,p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDT和总量DDTs可解吸的提取量都低于6％,并且未出现显著性变化(p＞0.05).此方法可用于评价氧化后土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)再次解吸至环境中的潜在风险,辅助判断污染土壤修复终点.