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This paper mainly focuses on refrigerant mixtures with relatively simple critical behavior, and presents a practical and useful method for the critical point calculation for the mixtures using mixture models based on Helmholtz energy equations of state. The expression for critical point criterion suitable for this objective is derived first. Numerical manipulations to obtain a physically correct solution are described in detail. For four binary refrigerant mixtures of difluoromethane (R-32) + pentafluoroethane (R-125), R-125 + 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), R-125 + 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a), and R-32 + propane (R-290), the critical temperatures and critical molar volumes are calculated applying the presented method. The calculation results are compared with experimental values, and the capabilities of the mixture models for the mixtures in the critical region are discussed. 相似文献
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Densities and viscosities were determined for binary mixtures of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([bmim][NTf2]) over the entire range of composition. The experimental measurements were carried out at temperatures ranging from 278.15 K to 333.15 K, at atmospheric pressure. The densities and viscosities of the pure ionic liquids and their mixtures with TFE were described successfully by an empirical third-order polynomial and by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation, respectively. In addition, excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations were determined from densities and viscosities of mixtures, respectively, and fitted by using the Redlich–Kister equation. 相似文献
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An experimental study to evaluate the dynamic performance of three different types of cavitation bubbles is conducted. An ultrasonic transducer submerged into the working fluids of a scroll expander is utilised to produce cavitation bubbles and a high speed camera device is used to capture their behaviour. Three critical regions around the ultrasonic source, between the source and the solid boundary, and across the solid boundary were observed. Experimental results revealed that refrigerant bubbles sustain a continuous oscillatory movement, referenced as “wobbling effect”, without regularly collapsing. Analytical results indicate the influence of several factors such as surface tension/viscosity ratio, Reynolds number and Weber number which interpret that particular behaviour of the refrigerant bubbles. Within the refrigerant environment the bubbles obtain large Reynolds numbers and low Weber numbers. In contrast, within the lubricant and the water environment Weber number is significantly higher and Reynolds number substantially lower. The bubble radius and velocity alterations are accurately calculated during the cavitation process. Lubricant bubbles achieve the highest jet velocity while refrigerant bubbles having the lowest jet velocity are not considered as a destructive mean of cavitation for scroll expander systems. 相似文献
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Effect of surfactant additives on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant-based nanofluid
Effect of surfactant additives on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant-based nanofluid was investigated experimentally. Three types of surfactants including Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Sorbitan Monooleate (Span-80) were used in the experiments. The refrigerant-based nanofluid was formed from Cu nanoparticles and refrigerant R113. The test surface is horizontal with the average roughness of 1.6 μm. Test conditions include a saturation pressure of 101.3 kPa, heat fluxes from 10 to 80 kW m−2, surfactant concentrations from 0 to 5000 ppm (parts per million by weight), and nanoparticle concentrations from 0 to 1.0 wt.%. The experimental results indicate that the presence of surfactant enhances the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant-based nanofluid on most conditions, but deteriorates the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer at high surfactant concentrations. The ratio of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of refrigerant-based nanofluid with surfactant to that without surfactant (defined as surfactant enhancement ratio, SER) are in the ranges of 1.12-1.67, 0.94-1.39, and 0.85-1.29 for SDS, CTAB and Span-80, respectively, and the values of SER are in the order of SDS > CTAB > Span-80, which is opposite to the order of surfactant density values. The SER increases with the increase of surfactant concentration and then decreases, presenting the maximum values at 2000, 500 and 1000 ppm for SDS, CTAB and Span-80, respectively. At a fixed surfactant concentration, the SER increases with the decrease of nanoparticle concentration. A nucleate pool boiling heat transfer correlation for refrigerant-based nanofluid with surfactant is proposed, and it agrees with 92% of the experimental data within a deviation of ±25%. 相似文献
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LI Wenzhe BI Shengshan ZHAO Guanjia WU Jiangtao 《高等学校化学研究》2014,30(4):681-684
The surface tensions of 21 pure refrigerants have been predicted by a new improved equation based on the principle of corresponding states with double referenced fluids.The average absolute deviation between the calculated surface tensions from the equation and the experimental result is-0.015 mN/m.The surface tensions of 9 binary mixtures were calculated in consideration of certain mixing rules.And the average absolute deviation between the calculated surface tensions from the equation and the experimental result is-0.251 mN/m.The new improved prediction equation can be used for calculating the surface tension of environmental friendly refrigerants. 相似文献
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电子膨胀阀是电动汽车空调系统的主要调控部件, 探究其调节特性对于制定系统控制策略具有重要意义. 本文搭建了以 R134a 为制冷剂的电动汽车空调系统实验台, 研究了电子膨胀阀调节过程中, 空调系统内制冷剂流量和压力的动态变化规律, 分析了不同压缩机转速下, 阀开度对系统制冷量、 空调箱出风温度、 压缩机功耗和系统COP 等性能参数的影响. 结果表明: 阀前制冷剂相态是影响电子膨胀阀调节时系统压力变化强弱的重要因素.在阀前制冷剂为过冷液态时, 调节阀开度对系统压力影响更大, 并且在阀前制冷剂具有较大过冷度( 大于10 ℃ )时, 下调阀开度会导致短时间的过节流造成系统压力大幅波动; 系统中制冷剂循环流量与阀开度呈线性变化趋势,不受阀前制冷剂相态的影响. 在实验工况下,100% 阀开度对应的制冷剂循环流量为97.2 ~115 .5 kg/h, 阀开度每下调10% , 系统中制冷剂循环流量下降6 % ~9 % . 相似文献