A NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY ON A TAIL-FLAPPING MODEL FOR FISH FAST C-START＊

The force production physics and the flow control mechanism of fish fast C-start are studied numerically and theoretically by using a tail-flapping model. The problem is simplified to a 2-D foil that rotates rapidly to and fro on one side about its fixed leading edge in water medium. The study involves the simulation of the flow by solving the two-dimensional unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and employing a theoretical analytic modeling approach. Firstly, reasonable thrust magnitude and its time history are obtained and checked by fitting predicted results coming from these two approaches. Next, the flow fields and vortex structures are given, and the propulsive mechanism is interpreted. The results show that the induction of vortex distributions near the trailing edge of the tail are important in the time-averaged thrust generation, though the added inertial effect plays an important role in producing an instant large thrust especially in the first stage. Furthermore, dynamic and energetic effects of some kinematic controlling factors are discussed. For enhancing the time-averaged thrust but keeping a favorable ratio of it to time-averaged input power within the limitations of muscle ability, it is recommended to have a larger deflection amplitude in a limited time interval and with no time delay between the to-and-fro strokes. The project supported by the CAS (KJCX-SW-L04)     

肌电测量技术和鲫鱼C形起动过程中肌电信号测量初探

鱼在水中游动时,骨骼肌在中枢神经系统的控制下进行主动收缩,将力和位移传递给鳍和皮肤等执行器官,再通过执行器官与水进行力的相互作用和能量的交换后推动鱼体自身运动.为研究鱼在不同运动过程中肌肉活动的方式与强度,本文引进肌电图测量术(EMG).将表面绝缘的不锈钢探针植入鲫鱼的红肌内,肌电信号通过自主设计制作的肌电放大器放大,由计算机记录,用以表征鲫鱼在C形起动过程中转弯一侧的红肌活动的持续时间及强度.本文着重阐述了肌电测量技术,肌电实验的手术操作过程,并通过对肌电信号的测量结果进行定量分析,得到了鲫鱼C形起动过程中转弯侧红肌基本同时开始活动,其活动时间大致相同,以及躯体前端红肌活动最为剧烈的结论.     

斑马鱼C型起动中动力学特性的活体实验研究

提出了一种从鱼类自主游动的运动学实验数据出发推算其动力学特性的实验研究方法。该方法基于变形体动力学方程,不仅可以计算出变形鱼体的整体转动角速度以完善其运动学数据,还可以计算出作用在自主游动的鱼体上的流体合力和流体合力矩,进而分析鱼体的力能学特征。本文运用此方法研究了斑马鱼的两种典型C型起动,对比分析了它们的运动学及力能学特征。结果表明,在相仿的C型弯曲变形下,逃逸型C型起动与非逃逸型C型起动相比,前者推力较大,导致其在前进方向上的质心速率较大;前者侧向力较大,导致其转弯半径较小;前者转矩较大,但因在起动中后期的S型摆动产生了反向转矩,最终导致转动角度小于后者。通过对两种典型C型起动的实验研究发现,斑马鱼会因不同的运动需求而表现出不同的机动性能。     

鲫鱼C形起动的运动学特征分析

快速起动是鱼类很重要的一种机动能力，有助于鱼类的逃逸和捕食。快速起动通常分为C形起动和S形起动两种模式。本文利用数字式高速摄像机定量地研究了鲫鱼为逃避危险从静止状态做逃逸反应的运动过程。观察发现所有的逃逸反应都是C形起动。仔细分析运动图像后，根据质心和尾鳍的运动，发现C形起动过程大体可以分解为三个阶段。第一阶段，质心保持不动，鱼体在极短的时间内绕质心弯曲呈C形，尾鳍同时迅速摆动；第二阶段，尾鳍作大幅度反向摆动，鱼头转动接近至最终方向；第三阶段，质心沿最终方向作直线运动。本文通过软件分析得到了各个阶段内鱼体躯干曲线的形状，进而给出了鱼体的速度和转动角速度分布，并从力学的角度定性地解释了机动过程。